Crop Diseases

Akọwa Nkọwa

a. Reasons why farm operations are important: (i) Pruning of cocoa trees: 1. Enhanced tree health: Pruning helps remove dead, diseased, or damaged branches, promoting overall tree health. It allows better air circulation and sunlight penetration, reducing the risk of fungal infections and pests. 2. Increased yield: Pruning encourages new growth and stimulates the development of fruit-bearing branches, leading to higher cocoa bean production. 3. Easy harvest: Properly pruned cocoa trees have a well-defined canopy, making it easier for farmers to access and harvest the cocoa pods. 4. Disease control: Pruning facilitates disease control measures as it allows farmers to spot and remove infected branches promptly, preventing the spread of diseases within the cocoa plantation. (ii) Parboiling of paddy rice: 1. Improved grain quality: Parboiling involves partially boiling the rice in its husk before milling. This process enhances the nutritional value and taste of the rice while retaining essential vitamins and minerals. 2. Reduced processing time: Parboiling softens the rice kernels, making it easier to remove the husk during milling. This reduces the time and effort required for processing, resulting in increased efficiency. 3. Enhanced storage and shelf life: Parboiling reduces the moisture content of rice and improves its resistance to pests and insects. It also prevents the development of mold, extending the shelf life of the rice. 4. Enhanced cooking properties: Parboiled rice retains its shape, texture, and flavor better during cooking, resulting in fluffy, separate grains. It is less prone to overcooking or becoming sticky, making it more desirable for consumers. b. Ways of eradicating guinea grass in a farmland: 1. Manual removal: Physically uprooting or cutting the guinea grass is an effective way to control its growth. Ensure that the roots are completely removed to prevent regrowth. 2. Herbicides: Applying herbicides specifically designed to target grassy weeds like guinea grass can be an efficient method. Follow the instructions and safety guidelines provided by the herbicide manufacturer. 3. Mulching: Applying a thick layer of organic mulch around desired plants can suppress the growth of guinea grass by blocking sunlight and impeding its germination. 4. Regular mowing: Keeping the grass at a low height through regular mowing can weaken and suppress the guinea grass. This method should be combined with other control measures for better effectiveness. 5. Prevention: Maintaining good farm hygiene by regularly removing weeds, especially before they produce seeds, can prevent the spread and establishment of guinea grass. c. Uses of ornamental plants: 1. Aesthetics: Ornamental plants are primarily grown for their beauty and visual appeal. They enhance the overall aesthetics of gardens, parks, and landscapes, providing a pleasant and inviting environment. 2. Stress reduction: Being surrounded by greenery and nature has been found to reduce stress and improve mental well-being. Ornamental plants contribute to creating a calming and relaxing atmosphere. 3. Environmental benefits: Ornamental plants play a role in improving air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. They also help mitigate noise pollution and provide habitat for wildlife. 4. Educational purposes: Ornamental plants provide educational opportunities, especially for children, to learn about plant biology, gardening, and environmental conservation. 5. Cultural significance: Many ornamental plants hold cultural or symbolic value in various societies and traditions. They can be used in religious ceremonies, festivals, and decorations during special occasions. 6. Wildlife attraction: Certain ornamental plants attract birds, butterflies, and other pollinators, contributing to biodiversity and ecosystem health. 7. Economic value: Ornamental plants form the basis of the horticulture industry, including nurseries, florists, and landscaping businesses. They contribute to