How Governments Manage Their Economies
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
The previous topic gave a government four targets and showed how easily they pull against each other. This one hands over the tools. There are three of them, they work in completely different ways and on completely different timescales, and choosing the wrong one for the problem is how a government makes an economy worse while trying to help it.
You will learn what fiscal policy is and how a government's own spending and taxation move income and expenditure across the whole economy, what a balanced budget means and what follows from running a surplus or a deficit. You will see how monetary policy works through a single interest rate, and why it is the tool of choice against inflation. You will meet supply-side policies, which are slower but change what the economy can produce rather than how much it currently buys. And you will close on the specific policies aimed at externalities, which is the point where this unit rejoins market failure.
Ebumnobi
- Fiscal policy
- The government budget
- Monetary policy Monetary policy
- Supply-side policies Supply-side policies
- Policies to correct positive and negative externalities Externalities
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Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ
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Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na How Governments Manage Their Economies. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- A government is trying to increase economic growth by reducing interest rates. What type of policy is this? A. Fiscal B. Monetary C. Supply-side D. Externality correction Answer: B
- Which of the following is a supply-side policy? A. Increasing spending on education and training B. Increasing the interest rate C. Raising indirect taxes on fuel D. Reducing government borrowing Answer: A
- Air travel produces negative externalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate government response? A. A subsidy for airlines B. An increase in taxation on fuel for planes C. Deregulating the airline industry D. Reducing the interest rate Answer: B
- Which policy combination is most likely to reduce unemployment during a recession? A. Increase government spending and decrease direct taxes B. Increase government spending and increase direct taxes C. Decrease government spending and decrease direct taxes D. Decrease government spending and increase direct taxes Answer: A
- A government has revenue of $300 billion and spending of $282 billion. What is its budget position? A. A balanced budget B. A deficit of $18 billion C. A surplus of $18 billion D. A surplus of $582 billion Answer: C
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