Biology - 0610 CIE

Enzymes

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Inside every cell, thousands of chemical reactions must happen fast enough to keep you alive, yet at a gentle 37 degrees Celsius. The molecules that make this possible are enzymes: biological catalysts that speed reactions up enormously without being used up. One enzyme, catalase, can break down 40000 molecules every second.

In this lesson you will learn what enzymes are, how their active site fits a specific substrate like a lock and key, and how temperature and pH change their activity, including the irreversible damage of denaturation. At Extended level you will explain these effects in terms of shape, fit and collisions.

Ebumnobi

Describe a catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
Describe enzymes as proteins that are involved in all metabolic reactions, where they function as biological catalysts
Describe why enzymes are important in all living organisms in terms of a reaction rate necessary to sustain life
Describe enzyme action with reference to the shape of the active site of an enzyme being complementary to its substrate and the formation of products
Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity with reference to optimum temperature and denaturation
[Supplement] Explain enzyme action with reference to: active site, enzyme-substrate complex, substrate and product
[Supplement] Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the complementary shape and fit of the active site with the substrate
[Supplement] Explain the effect of changes in temperature on enzyme activity in terms of kinetic energy, shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions and denaturation
[Supplement] Explain the effect of changes in pH on enzyme activity in terms of shape and fit and denaturation

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Enzymes control every metabolic reaction, so they connect digestion, respiration, photosynthesis and more. Examiners reliably ask you to describe enzyme action with the lock-and-key idea and to explain the temperature and pH graphs, including denaturation. This is one of the highest-value topics in the whole course.

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Enzymes. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

An enzyme is best described as a: A. carbohydrate catalyst B. protein that acts as a biological catalyst C. fat that speeds reactions D. mineral ion Answer: B
The part of an enzyme that binds the substrate is the: A. cell wall B. active site C. ribosome D. nucleus Answer: B
Above its optimum temperature an enzyme is: A. activated B. denatured C. dissolved D. used up Answer: B
An enzyme acts on only one type of substrate because: A. it is used up B. its active site has a complementary shape to that substrate C. it raises the temperature D. it is an acid Answer: B
Which statement about a catalyst is correct? A. it is used up in the reaction B. it slows reactions down C. it is not changed by the reaction D. it only works once Answer: C