Science Single Award - 4SS0 PearsonEdexcel

Radioactivity

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Some nuclei are simply not stable. Left completely alone, with nothing done to them at all, they break apart and fling out particles or energy at enormous speed. Nobody can predict which nucleus will go next, yet the behaviour of a whole sample is so regular that doctors, engineers and archaeologists build careers on it.

This lesson takes you from the structure of the nucleus to the three ionising radiations, their penetrating power, the meaning of half-life, and the real uses and real dangers of radioactive materials. Expect calculation questions on half-life and explanation questions on safety in your Edexcel papers.

Ebumnobi

Describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols to describe particular nuclei
Know the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope
Know that alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays are ionising radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process
Describe the nature of alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays, and recall that they may be distinguished in terms of penetrating power and ability to ionise
Investigate the penetration powers of different types of radiation using either radioactive sources or simulations
Explain the sources of background (ionising) radiation from Earth and space
Know the definition of the term half-life and understand that it is different for different radioactive isotopes
Describe uses of radioactivity in industry and medicine
Describe the difference between contamination and irradiation
Describe the dangers of ionising radiations, including that radiation can cause mutations in living organisms, that radiation can damage cells and tissue, and the problems arising from the disposal of radioactive waste and how the associated risks can be reduced

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Most of the atoms in your body will still be exactly the same atoms in a billion years. A small minority will not. Their nuclei hold a combination of protons and neutrons that cannot hold itself together indefinitely, and at some unpredictable moment each one will throw out a fragment of itself and become a different nucleus entirely. That single fact, that some nuclei are unstable, is where the whole of this topic starts.

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Radioactivity. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

Which radiation is stopped by a single sheet of paper? A) Alpha B) Beta C) Gamma D) All three Answer: A
Which radiation is the most penetrating? A) Alpha B) Beta C) Gamma D) They are all equal Answer: C
A nucleus is written with mass number 40 and atomic number 19. How many neutrons does it contain? A) 19 B) 21 C) 40 D) 59 Answer: B
A source has an activity of 1600 Bq and a half-life of 10 minutes. What is its activity after 30 minutes? A) 800 Bq B) 400 Bq C) 200 Bq D) 100 Bq Answer: C
Which of the following is the largest natural contributor to background radiation in many countries? A) Nuclear power stations B) Radon gas from rocks C) Mobile phone masts D) Weapons fallout Answer: B