Section B: The Living World
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
Cut a tropical rainforest down and the soil underneath is almost worthless within three or four harvests. That single fact confuses more students than any other in this section, because everything about a rainforest looks rich: the tallest trees on Earth, more species than anywhere else, rain almost every afternoon. The wealth is real. It is just not in the ground. It is in the living things, and when they go it goes with them.
In this lesson you will learn to read an ecosystem as a system: what feeds what, what recycles what, and what happens when a single component is pulled out. Then you will apply that to the two ecosystems this specification names. You will study a tropical rainforest in enough detail to use it as a case study, watch what deforestation does to it and weigh the strategies meant to slow it. And you will cross to the opposite extreme, the hot desert, where the limit is water rather than nutrients, and see how the fringes of those deserts are turning into desert themselves.
Ebumnobi
- Ecosystems exist at a range of scales and involve the interaction between biotic and abiotic components.
- Tropical rainforests Tropical rainforest ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics.
- Deforestation has economic and environmental impacts.
- Tropical rainforests need to be managed to be sustainable.
- Hot deserts Hot desert ecosystems have a range of distinctive characteristics. of climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people; how plants and
- Areas on the fringe of hot deserts are at risk of desertification.
- An example of a small-scale ecosystem to illustrate the concept of interrelationships within a natural system, an understanding of producers, consumers, decomposers, food chain, food web and nutrient cycling. The balance between components. The impact on the ecosystem of changing one component. An overview of the distribution and characteristics of large-scale natural global ecosystems.
- The physical characteristics of a tropical rainforest.
- The interdependence of climate, water, soils, plants, animals and people. How plants and animals adapt to the physical conditions. Issues related to biodiversity. Changing rates of deforestation.
- A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate:
- causes of deforestation - subsistence and commercial farming, logging, road building, mineral extraction, energy development, settlement, population growth
- impacts of deforestation - economic development, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, contribution to climate change. Value of tropical rainforests to people and the environment.
- Strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably - selective logging and replanting, conservation and education, ecotourism and international agreements about the use of tropical hardwoods, debt reduction.
- The physical characteristics of a hot desert; the interdependence
- animals adapt to the physical conditions.
- Issues related to biodiversity. Use examples to illustrate:
- Causes of desertification - climate change, population growth, removal of fuel wood, overgrazing, over-cultivation and soil erosion.
- Strategies used to reduce the risk of desertification - water and soil management, tree planting and use of appropriate technology.
Maapụ uche
E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.
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Nweta ngwa Green Bridge CBT na ekwenti gi ma o bu kompiuta maka ulo akwukwo IGCSE zuru oke: akwukwo ule ndi gara aga, usoro nyocha, eserese uche, kaadi omumu na nkuzi olu.
Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Section B: The Living World. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- Which one of the following is a producer in an ecosystem? A. A fungus B. A grazing antelope C. A green plant D. A soil bacterium Answer: C
- Which soil type is typical of a tropical rainforest? A. Chernozem B. Latosol C. Podzol D. Peat Answer: B
- What is the maximum annual rainfall normally used to define a hot desert? A. 100 mm B. 250 mm C. 500 mm D. 1000 mm Answer: B
- Which of the following is a cause of desertification rather than a strategy to reduce it? A. Building stone lines along the contour B. Planting shelter belts of trees C. Using solar cookers instead of fuel wood D. Grazing more animals on the same land Answer: D
- Why do many rainforest trees have buttress roots? A. To store water for the dry season B. To support a tall tree whose roots are shallow C. To shed heavy rain from the trunk D. To reach groundwater many metres down Answer: B
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Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
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Meecha Ajụjụ Ule Ọmarịcha
Ị chọrọ ime ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha gbasara Section B: The Living World? Budata ngwa Green Bridge CBT iji nweta ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha na nyocha zuru ezu gbasara isiokwu a.
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