Hazards

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Two traders in the same market insure identical shops for the same sum, yet one pays a far higher premium than the other, and one is quietly refused cover altogether. The difference is not the risk they carry but the hazard they bring to it: the conditions, and the conduct, that make a fire or a theft more likely to happen and more costly when it does.

In this lesson you will learn exactly what a hazard is and how it differs from a peril and from a risk, meet the three hazards every examiner expects you to know apart (physical, moral and the easily confused morale), see how each one pushes up the frequency or the severity of a loss, and follow how an underwriter hunts for hazard on a proposal form and decides what to do about it.

Ebumnobi

Define a hazard and explain how it differs from a peril and from a risk
Identify and describe physical, moral and morale hazards
Explain how each type of hazard increases the likelihood or severity of a loss
Describe how insurers detect and control hazard when underwriting a proposal

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Two provision shops sit side by side in a market in Aba. Both are worth ₦5,000,000, both are insured against fire, both pay the same declared value. Yet the underwriter charges the first owner a modest premium and the second a much steeper one, and later declines to renew the second policy at all. Nothing about the buildings has changed. What the underwriter has spotted is hazard: the first shop is wired properly and run by a careful owner, while the second stores drums of petrol at the back and is run by a man who has already had two suspicious fires. Read the hazard correctly and you can read almost every underwriting decision in the market.

Samun duk kayan koyo

Practice na ajụjụ ndị gara aga.

Tọle ọgbọ rẹ.

Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Hazards. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

A hazard is best described as: A. The actual cause of a loss B. The uncertainty that a loss will occur C. A condition that increases the frequency or severity of a loss D. The amount payable when a loss occurs Answer: C
Which of the following is a peril rather than a hazard? A. Defective electrical wiring B. Flood C. Storing petrol indoors D. A watchman who sleeps on duty Answer: B
A trader secretly sets fire to unsold stock in order to claim on the policy. This is an example of: A. Physical hazard B. Morale hazard C. Legal hazard D. Moral hazard Answer: D
A driver stops locking his car because he knows it is fully insured. This carelessness is an example of: A. Moral hazard B. Morale hazard C. Physical hazard D. A peril Answer: B
A risk carries a 4% chance of a loss, and each loss averages 2,000,000 naira. The expected loss is: A. 8,000 naira B. 80,000 naira C. 500,000 naira D. 800,000 naira Answer: B

Samun duk kayan koyo

Practice na ajụjụ ndị gara aga.

Tọle ọgbọ rẹ.

Samun duk kayan koyo

Practice na ajụjụ ndị gara aga.

Tọle ọgbọ rẹ.

Àwọn Ìwé Tó Dáa Láti Kà

Principles of Risk Management and Insurance

Ìkọ̀wé-àbáojú: Thirteenth edition

Onkọwe atẹjade: Pearson

Afọ: 2016

ISBN: 978-0-13-408257-8

Akọkọ ọrọ.: The standard introduction to risk and insurance, covering risk management, insurer operations and the main lines of life, health, property and liability cover.

Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Ìkọ̀wé-àbáojú: Tenth edition

Onkọwe atẹjade: Wiley

Afọ: 2008

ISBN: 978-0-470-08753-4

Akọkọ ọrọ.: A clear account of the nature of risk and the economics of insurance, written for beginning students across life, health, property and liability insurance.

Fundamentals of Insurance

Ìkọ̀wé-àbáojú: Second edition

Onkọwe atẹjade: Himalaya Publishing House

Afọ: 2017

ISBN: 978-93-5097-079-9

Akọkọ ọrọ.: An accessible treatment of insurance in four parts: the basics of risk, insurance management, life insurance and non-life insurance.

Àwọn Ìbéèrè Tó Ti Kọjá

Nna, you dey wonder how past questions for this topic be? Here be some questions about Hazards from previous years.

WAEC SSCE - Insurance - 2017

Ajụjụ 1 Ripọtì

(a) Explain the following terms used in insurance.
(i) peril
(ii) hazard.
(iii) disclosure.

(b) Differentiate . between the following classes of risks: (i) pure and speculative risks; particular and fundamental risks; (iii) static and dynamic risks.

Azịza

(a) Explanation of terms used in insurance

(i) Peril: A peril is the actual cause of a loss, that is, the event or contingency that gives rise to damage, injury or destruction. Examples are fire, flood, accident, theft, storm and death. It is the immediate reason why a loss occurs and is what an insurance policy is taken out to protect against.
(ii) Hazard: A hazard is a condition or circumstance that increases the chance (frequency) or severity of a loss arising from a peril. It does not cause the loss directly but makes it more likely or more serious. A physical hazard relates to the physical characteristics of the risk (for example, storing petrol near a fire), while a moral hazard relates to the attitude, honesty or carelessness of the insured (for example, deliberate carelessness or fraud).
(iii) Disclosure: Disclosure is the duty of the proposer, under the principle of utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei), to reveal voluntarily and truthfully all material facts that could influence the insurer's decision to accept the risk or fix the premium. Failure to disclose such facts (non-disclosure or concealment) can make the contract voidable at the option of the insurer.

(b) Differences between the classes of risk

Basis	First type	Second type
(i) Pure vs Speculative	Pure risk gives only two outcomes: loss or no loss. There is no chance of gain (e.g. fire, death, accident). Pure risks are insurable.	Speculative risk gives three outcomes: loss, no loss or gain. It is deliberately undertaken in the hope of profit (e.g. gambling, business trading). Speculative risks are generally not insurable.
(ii) Particular vs Fundamental	Particular risk is personal and localised in its cause and effect, affecting only an individual or a few persons (e.g. a house fire, a motor accident). Particular risks are usually insurable.	Fundamental risk is impersonal in origin and widespread in effect, affecting the whole society or large groups (e.g. war, earthquake, flood, inflation, epidemic). Most fundamental risks are the responsibility of the state and are largely uninsurable.
(iii) Static vs Dynamic	Static risk occurs whether or not there is a change in the economy; it results from natural causes or human dishonesty (e.g. fire, theft, perils of nature). It is regular, predictable and insurable.	Dynamic risk arises from changes in the economy or society, such as changes in price levels, technology, consumer taste, income or government policy. It is less predictable and generally uninsurable.

Akọwa Nkọwa

(a) Explanation of terms used in insurance

(i) Peril: A peril is the actual cause of a loss, that is, the event or contingency that gives rise to damage, injury or destruction. Examples are fire, flood, accident, theft, storm and death. It is the immediate reason why a loss occurs and is what an insurance policy is taken out to protect against.
(ii) Hazard: A hazard is a condition or circumstance that increases the chance (frequency) or severity of a loss arising from a peril. It does not cause the loss directly but makes it more likely or more serious. A physical hazard relates to the physical characteristics of the risk (for example, storing petrol near a fire), while a moral hazard relates to the attitude, honesty or carelessness of the insured (for example, deliberate carelessness or fraud).
(iii) Disclosure: Disclosure is the duty of the proposer, under the principle of utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei), to reveal voluntarily and truthfully all material facts that could influence the insurer's decision to accept the risk or fix the premium. Failure to disclose such facts (non-disclosure or concealment) can make the contract voidable at the option of the insurer.

(b) Differences between the classes of risk

Basis	First type	Second type
(i) Pure vs Speculative	Pure risk gives only two outcomes: loss or no loss. There is no chance of gain (e.g. fire, death, accident). Pure risks are insurable.	Speculative risk gives three outcomes: loss, no loss or gain. It is deliberately undertaken in the hope of profit (e.g. gambling, business trading). Speculative risks are generally not insurable.
(ii) Particular vs Fundamental	Particular risk is personal and localised in its cause and effect, affecting only an individual or a few persons (e.g. a house fire, a motor accident). Particular risks are usually insurable.	Fundamental risk is impersonal in origin and widespread in effect, affecting the whole society or large groups (e.g. war, earthquake, flood, inflation, epidemic). Most fundamental risks are the responsibility of the state and are largely uninsurable.
(iii) Static vs Dynamic	Static risk occurs whether or not there is a change in the economy; it results from natural causes or human dishonesty (e.g. fire, theft, perils of nature). It is regular, predictable and insurable.	Dynamic risk arises from changes in the economy or society, such as changes in price levels, technology, consumer taste, income or government policy. It is less predictable and generally uninsurable.

Wo Idahun

Hazards

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Ebumnobi

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Yi rajista ka ci gaba

Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Yi rajista ka ci gaba

Yi rajista ka ci gaba

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