Chemistry - 4CH1 PearsonEdexcel

Crude Oil

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Crude oil is one of the most important raw materials on the planet. It fuels transport, heats homes, and provides the starting molecules for plastics, medicines, and synthetic fabrics. Yet straight out of the ground it is little more than a thick, dark, foul-smelling liquid. The value lies in separating it into useful parts.

In this lesson you will learn how fractional distillation splits crude oil into fractions, what each fraction is used for, and how cracking converts surplus heavy molecules into the lighter ones industry demands. You will also explore why burning hydrocarbons is a double-edged sword: essential for energy, yet a major source of atmospheric pollution.

Ebumnobi

know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen references to haemoglobin are not required
know that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain
describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600-700 ºC)
explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions

Akọmọ Ojú-ẹkọ

Every litre of petrol you see at a filling station began as crude oil buried deep underground. That oil is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons, each with different chain lengths and boiling points. Refining separates this mixture into groups of molecules that are actually useful, and cracking reshapes the ones we have too much of into the ones we need most. Understanding this chain of processes is central to Edexcel's organic chemistry unit.

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Ayẹwo Ẹkọ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Crude Oil. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

Crude oil is a mixture of: A) Elements B) Hydrocarbons C) Metal oxides D) Noble gases Answer: B
In fractional distillation, which fraction is collected nearest the top of the column? A) Bitumen B) Diesel C) Refinery gases D) Fuel oil Answer: C
Which gas produced by incomplete combustion is toxic and odourless? A) Carbon dioxide B) Sulfur dioxide C) Carbon monoxide D) Nitrogen dioxide Answer: C
What type of catalyst is used in catalytic cracking? A) Iron B) Platinum C) Silica or alumina D) Manganese dioxide Answer: C
As the chain length of hydrocarbons in crude oil increases, the boiling point: A) Decreases B) Stays the same C) Increases D) Fluctuates Answer: C