Acids, Bases And Salt Preparations
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
Acids do far more than turn litmus red. They react with metals, bases and carbonates to produce an enormous variety of salts, and understanding which combinations give which products is one of the most versatile skills in inorganic chemistry.
In this lesson you will learn how to predict whether a salt is soluble, how proton transfer defines acids and bases, and how to prepare pure, dry samples of both soluble and insoluble salts in the laboratory. These reactions and practicals are examined heavily across both Edexcel papers.
Ebumnobi
- know the general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water: - common sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble - all nitrates are soluble - common chlorides are soluble, except those of silver and lead(II) - common sulfates are soluble, except for those of barium, calcium and lead(II) - common carbonates are insoluble, except for those of sodium, potassium and ammonium - common hydroxides are insoluble except for those of sodium, potassium and calcium (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble).
- understand acids and bases in terms of proton transfer
- understand that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor
- describe the reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid with metals, bases and metal carbonates (excluding the reactions between nitric acid and metals) to form salts
- know that metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases, and that alkalis are bases that are soluble in water
- describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant
- describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an acid and alkali
- describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt, starting from two soluble reactants
- practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals starting from copper(II) oxide
- practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry lead(II) sulfate
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Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Acids, Bases And Salt Preparations. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- Which of the following salts is insoluble in water? A) Sodium chloride B) Potassium nitrate C) Lead(II) sulfate D) Ammonium carbonate Answer: C
- An acid is best defined as a: A) Proton acceptor B) Proton donor C) Hydroxide producer D) Electron donor Answer: B
- What is produced when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate? A) Salt and water B) Salt, water and hydrogen C) Salt, water and carbon dioxide D) Salt and carbon dioxide Answer: C
- When preparing a soluble salt from an insoluble base, the base is added in excess to: A) Speed up the reaction B) Make more salt C) Ensure all the acid reacts D) Prevent crystallisation Answer: C
- Which of the following is an alkali? A) Copper(II) oxide B) Magnesium oxide C) Sodium hydroxide D) Iron(III) oxide Answer: C
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
Classifying Chemical Reactions
Define three common types of chemical reactions (precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction)
"Chemistry: Classifying Chemical Reactions" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/4-2-classifying-chemical-reactions. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Identify acids, bases, and conjugate acid-base pairs according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition
"Chemistry: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/14-1-bronsted-lowry-acids-and-bases. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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