Radioactivity (continued 1)
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
Deep inside some atoms the nucleus is unstable, and at a moment that no one can predict it suddenly throws out a particle or a burst of radiation and changes into a different element. We cannot say when a single nucleus will decay, yet a large sample decays at a steady, measurable rate captured by its half-life.
In this topic you will learn the nature of alpha, beta and gamma emissions and how each changes the nucleus, write decay equations in nuclide notation, and define and calculate half-life from data and decay curves. You will also see how the choice of radioisotope for smoke alarms, sterilisation, thickness control and cancer treatment depends on its radiation type and half-life.
Ebumnobi
- Know that radioactive decay is a change in an unstable nucleus that can result in the emission of α-particles or β-particles and/or γ-radiation and know that these changes are spontaneous and random
- State that during α-decay or β-decay, the nucleus changes to that of a different element
- Define the half-life of a particular isotope as the time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope in any sample to decay; recall and use this definition in simple calculations, which might involve information in tables or decay curves (calculations will not include background radiation)
- [Supplement] Know that isotopes of an element may be radioactive due to an excess of neutrons in the nucleus and/or the nucleus being too heavy
- [Supplement] Describe the effect of α-decay, β-decay and γ-emissions on the nucleus, including an increase in stability and a reduction in the number of excess neutrons; the following change in the nucleus occurs during β-emission neutron → proton + electron
- [Supplement] Use decay equations, using nuclide notation, to show the emission of α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation
- [Supplement] Calculate half-life from data or decay curves from which background radiation has not been subtracted
- [Supplement] Explain how the type of radiation emitted and the half-life of an isotope determine which isotope is used for applications including: (a) h ousehold fire (smoke) alarms (b) irradiating food to kill bacteria (c) sterilisation of equipment using gamma rays (d) measuring and controlling thicknesses of materials with the choice of radiations used linked to penetration and absorption (e) diagnosis and treatment of cancer using gamma rays
Nkuzi Olu
Gee ntị na nkuzi a na ngwa
Maapụ uche
E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.
Mepee maapụ uche na ngwa
Kaadị ncheta
Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.
Mee omume kaadị ndị a na ngwa
Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ
Ndetu Nkuzi Zuru Ezu di na Ngwa Green Bridge
Nweta ngwa Green Bridge CBT na ekwenti gi ma o bu kompiuta maka ulo akwukwo IGCSE zuru oke: akwukwo ule ndi gara aga, usoro nyocha, eserese uche, kaadi omumu na nkuzi olu.
Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Radioactivity (continued 1). Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- During alpha decay the nucleon number of a nucleus: A. increases by 4 B. decreases by 4 C. stays the same D. decreases by 2 Answer: B
- In beta decay the proton number of a nucleus: A. decreases by 1 B. increases by 1 C. stays the same D. decreases by 2 Answer: B
- The half-life of a source is the time for its activity to: A. double B. fall to zero C. fall to half D. stay constant Answer: C
- A source has a half-life of 4 hours. After 12 hours the fraction remaining is: A. 1/2 B. 1/4 C. 1/8 D. 1/12 Answer: C
- Which radiation is best for sterilising sealed medical equipment? A. alpha B. beta C. gamma D. infrared Answer: C
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Akwụkwọ A Na-atụ Aro
Mụtakwuo ihe site na isi mmalite mepere emepe
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
Describe the structure and forces present within the nucleus
"Physics: Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/22-2-nuclear-forces-and-radioactivity. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/1-introduction
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
Half Life and Radiometric Dating
Explain radioactive half-life and its role in radiometric dating
"Physics: Half Life and Radiometric Dating" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/22-3-half-life-and-radiometric-dating. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/1-introduction
Ndị otu ndị ọzọ bipụtara ha n'okpuru ikike mepere emepe, anyị na-ekele ha dị ka ha si chọọ. Njikọ na-emepe saịtị ha.
Meecha Ajụjụ Ule Ọmarịcha
Ị chọrọ ime ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha gbasara Radioactivity (continued 1)? Budata ngwa Green Bridge CBT iji nweta ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha na nyocha zuru ezu gbasara isiokwu a.
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