Perils
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
Ask a shopkeeper what her fire policy covers and she will say fire. Ask her whether it pays when the fire brigade floods her stock with water to put out a blaze next door, and she will hesitate. The answer turns on a single word that runs through every claim ever settled: the peril, the actual cause of the loss, and whether the policy names it as covered, says nothing about it, or shuts it out.
In this lesson you will learn exactly what a peril is and how it differs from a risk and a hazard, meet the three families of peril that decide every claim (insured, uninsured and excepted), and master the doctrine of proximate cause, the rule that examiners use to ask whether a given loss is payable. Get the peril right and you can predict the insurer's answer before the claims officer opens the file.
Ebumnobi
- Define a peril and give examples of insured and excepted perils
- Distinguish clearly among a peril, a risk and a hazard
- Explain how the peril insured against determines whether a claim is payable
- Classify given events correctly as perils, risks or hazards
Maapụ uche
E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.
Kaadị ncheta
Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.
Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ
Yi rajista ka ci gaba
Kpọpụta akaụntụ n’efu ka ị nweta ohere na ihe ọmụmụ niile, ajụjụ omume, ma soro mmepe gị.
Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Perils. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- A peril is best described as: A. The uncertainty that a loss will occur B. A condition that makes a loss more likely C. The actual cause of a loss D. The amount payable when a loss occurs Answer: C
- Which of the following is an excepted peril under a standard fire policy? A. Lightning B. Explosion C. War D. Fire Answer: C
- A fire breaks out and the fire service uses water to put it out, ruining the insured stock. Under a fire policy, the proximate cause of the loss is: A. Water B. Fire C. The fire service D. Negligence Answer: B
- Which of the following is a peril rather than a hazard? A. Worn brake pads B. Storing petrol indoors C. Theft D. A watchman who sleeps on duty Answer: C
- A fire policy expressly excludes riot. During a riot, a mob sets the insured shop on fire and it is destroyed. The insurer will: A. Pay in full, because fire is insured B. Pay half the loss C. Pay nothing, because the proximate cause is riot D. Pay only the value of the building Answer: C
Yi rajista ka ci gaba
Kpọpụta akaụntụ n’efu ka ị nweta ohere na ihe ọmụmụ niile, ajụjụ omume, ma soro mmepe gị.
Yi rajista ka ci gaba
Kpọpụta akaụntụ n’efu ka ị nweta ohere na ihe ọmụmụ niile, ajụjụ omume, ma soro mmepe gị.
Akwụkwọ A Na-atụ Aro
Ajụjụ Nnyocha
Nna, you dey wonder how past questions for this topic be? Here be some questions about Perils from previous years.
Ajụjụ 1 Ripọtì
Explain the following terms under marine insurance:
(a) hull policy
(b) cargo policy
(c) freight policy
(d) marine perils
(e) average
Akọwa Nkọwa
Meaning of the terms under marine insurance:
- Hull policy: This is the marine policy that covers loss of or damage to the ship or vessel itself, together with its machinery, equipment and fittings, against marine perils such as sinking, collision, stranding and fire.
- Cargo policy: This is the policy that covers loss of or damage to the goods or merchandise carried on board the vessel during the voyage, protecting the cargo owner against perils such as water damage, jettison, theft and total loss.
- Freight policy: This is the policy that covers the shipowner against the loss of freight, that is the money payable to him for carrying the cargo, which he would forfeit if the cargo or ship were lost before the freight was earned.
- Marine perils: These are the dangers or fortuitous events peculiar to a sea voyage against which marine insurance provides cover, for example storms, collision, stranding, fire, jettison, piracy and barratry.
- Average: In marine insurance average means a partial loss. It is of two kinds: particular average, a partial loss falling on one interest alone, and general average, a loss deliberately and reasonably incurred for the common safety of the whole adventure, which is shared rateably by all the interests saved.
Yi rajista ka ci gaba
Kpọpụta akaụntụ n’efu ka ị nweta ohere na ihe ọmụmụ niile, ajụjụ omume, ma soro mmepe gị.