History - 4HI1 PearsonEdexcel

Dictatorship And Conflict In The USSR, 1924-53

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

When Lenin died in January 1924, almost nobody expected Joseph Stalin to succeed him. He was not the party's best speaker, its best writer or its best-known revolutionary, and Lenin's final dictated notes had recommended removing him from his post. Within five years he had defeated every rival, and within ten he was directing an economic transformation and a campaign of terror that reached into the leadership of his own party.

This note covers the leadership struggle, the Five-year Plans and collectivisation, the purges and the cult of personality, daily life in the Soviet Union, and the Second World War and its aftermath. The human cost was enormous and the numbers are contested; where they are, you will be given the range and told why historians disagree.

Ebumnobi

  1. The leadership struggle, 1924-29: the rivals for the leadership including Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Bukharin and Zinoviev, strengths and weaknesses of Stalin and Trotsky, Stalin's steps to power
  2. Five-year Plans and collectivisation: Stalin's economic aims, reasons for industrialisation, Gosplan, the first three Five-year Plans, Stakhanovites, reasons for and nature of collectivisation, Kolkhoz and Motor Tractor Stations, the kulaks, the Great Famine
  3. Purges, show trials, the cult of Stalin and the revision of history: reasons for purges, the murder of Kirov, the NKVD and the gulags, the Moscow Show Trials, purges of the armed forces, the cult of personality, censorship, propaganda, socialist realism
  4. Life in the Soviet Union, 1924-41: effects of Stalin's policies on living and working conditions, changes in family life and employment, changes in the political position of women, changes in education, persecution of ethnic minorities
  5. The Second World War and after, 1941-53: Soviet setbacks, reasons for survival and success, the significance of Stalingrad, post-war recovery and the Fourth Five-year Plan, post-war purges, the strength of the USSR on the death of Stalin

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Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ

Lenin suffered a series of strokes from 1922 and died on 21 January 1924. He left no agreed method of choosing a successor, because the Bolshevik Party had never had to choose one, and the notes he dictated in December 1922 and January 1923, later known as his Testament, criticised every leading candidate. Of Stalin he wrote that he had concentrated unlimited authority in his hands as General Secretary and was too rude for the post, and recommended his removal. The Testament was suppressed by the leadership in 1924, partly because it criticised them all, which was Stalin's first substantial piece of luck.

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Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Dictatorship And Conflict In The USSR, 1924-53. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

  1. Which post did Stalin hold from 1922 that gave him control over appointments within the Communist Party? A) Commissar for War B) General Secretary C) Chairman of the Comintern D) Head of Gosplan Answer: B
  2. Which policy did Stalin adopt in opposition to Trotsky's permanent revolution? A) War communism B) The New Economic Policy C) Socialism in one country D) Collective security Answer: C
  3. What was a kolkhoz? A) A state depot supplying tractors to farms B) A collective farm on which land and livestock were pooled C) A forced labour camp D) A model factory worker Answer: B
  4. Whose murder in December 1934 was used as the pretext for the purges? A) Trotsky B) Kirov C) Yagoda D) Tukhachevsky Answer: B
  5. Roughly how many executions do Soviet archives record for 1937 and 1938 combined? A) About 68,000 B) About 681,000 C) About 6.8 million D) About 12,000 Answer: B

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