Relationships Between Objectives And Policies
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
Every government wants low inflation, low unemployment, strong growth, a healthy balance of payments and a protected environment all at once. The trouble is that a single policy lever rarely pulls in only one direction. Raise interest rates to calm inflation, and jobs can be lost. Cut taxes to boost growth, and prices can start climbing. Chase growth hard enough, and the current account or the environment can pay the price.
This lesson pulls together everything you have learned about macroeconomic objectives and the policies used to pursue them, and asks the harder question: what happens when they collide? You will learn to trace a policy through to its side effects on other objectives, a skill examiners reward highly on Paper 2.
Ebumnobi
- The impact of policies and the trade-off between macroeconomic objectives: unemployment and inflation, economic growth and inflation, economic growth and environmental protection, inflation and the current account on balance of payments
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Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- Which policy is most likely to raise both economic growth and inflation in the short run? A) Raising interest rates B) Cutting income tax C) Investing in worker training D) Imposing an import tariff Answer: B
- A central bank raises interest rates to reduce inflation. What is the most likely effect on unemployment? A) Unemployment falls B) Unemployment rises C) Unemployment is unaffected D) Unemployment becomes negative Answer: B
- Higher interest rates used to control inflation typically cause a country's exchange rate to: A) Depreciate B) Appreciate C) Stay exactly fixed D) Become irrelevant to trade Answer: B
- An appreciating currency, caused by anti-inflation interest rate rises, is most likely to: A) Improve the current account B) Worsen the current account C) Have no effect on the current account D) Automatically reduce inflation to zero Answer: B
- Which type of policy could raise economic growth with the smallest risk of also raising inflation? A) Cutting interest rates B) Cutting income tax C) Investment in education and training D) Increasing government spending on unemployment benefits Answer: C
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The Phillips Curve
Explain the Phillips curve, noting its impact on the theories of Keynesian economics
"Principles of Economics 2e: The Phillips Curve" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/25-3-the-phillips-curve. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/1-introduction
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