Mathematics - 0580 CIE

Relative And Expected Frequencies

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

Not every probability can be worked out by counting equally likely outcomes. What is the chance a drawing pin lands point up, or that a particular footballer scores a penalty? For these we have to experiment, and that is where relative frequency comes in: we run trials, record what happens, and use the results to estimate the probability.

In this lesson you will learn how relative frequency estimates a probability from real data, and why more trials give a better estimate. You will then turn the idea around: given a probability and a number of trials, you will predict how often an event should happen using expected frequency. Together these two ideas connect probability to the real world of experiments and surveys.

Ebumnobi

  1. Understand relative frequency as an estimate of probability.
  2. Calculate expected frequencies.

Nkuzi Olu

Gee ntị na nkuzi a na ngwa

Maapụ uche

E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.

Mepee maapụ uche na ngwa

Kaadị ncheta

Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.

Mee omume kaadị ndị a na ngwa

Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ

Theory only takes you so far. When outcomes are not equally likely, or when you simply do not know the true probability, you have to gather evidence. Manufacturers test products, scientists run experiments and pollsters survey voters precisely so they can estimate probabilities from real results. Relative and expected frequencies are the bridge between the tidy world of theory and the messy world of data.

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Nnyocha Ọmụmụ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Relative And Expected Frequencies. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

  1. A spinner is spun 200 times and lands on red 50 times. Estimate the probability of red. A. 0.1 B. 0.25 C. 0.4 D. 0.5 Answer: B
  2. The probability of an event is 0.2. In 50 trials, what is the expected frequency? A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 25 Answer: B
  3. A fair die is rolled 120 times. How many times would you expect to roll a 4? A. 6 B. 12 C. 20 D. 24 Answer: C
  4. Which gives the most reliable estimate of a probability from an experiment? A. 5 trials B. 20 trials C. 100 trials D. 1000 trials Answer: D
  5. A bag of seeds has a germination probability of 0.9. Out of 300 seeds, how many are expected to germinate? A. 27 B. 90 C. 210 D. 270 Answer: D

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