Externalities
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
When a factory buys raw materials and pays its workers, it counts those costs carefully. It does not, however, pay anything for the smoke it releases into a neighbouring town's air, and the price it charges customers takes no account of that harm. Costs and benefits that spill over onto people who were never part of the original deal are called externalities, and they are one of the clearest reasons the free market gets the 'right' amount of a good wrong.
In this lesson you will define external costs and external benefits, learn the formulae for social cost and social benefit, and build a precise picture of how a negative or positive externality pulls private and social costs (or benefits) apart. You will also see the range of policies governments use to close that gap, several of them in use in the United Kingdom today.
Ebumnobi
- Definition of external costs
- Examples of external costs, including pollution, congestion and environmental damage
- Definition of external benefits
- Examples of external benefits, including education, healthcare and vaccinations
- Definition and formula for social costs (private costs + external costs) and social benefits (private benefits + external benefits)
Maapụ uche
E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.
Mepee maapụ uche na ngwa
Kaadị ncheta
Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.
Mee omume kaadị ndị a na ngwa
Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ
Ndetu Nkuzi Zuru Ezu di na Ngwa Green Bridge
Nweta ngwa Green Bridge CBT na ekwenti gi ma o bu kompiuta maka ulo akwukwo IGCSE zuru oke: akwukwo ule ndi gara aga, usoro nyocha, eserese uche, kaadi omumu na nkuzi olu.
Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Externalities. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- Which of the following is an example of an external cost? A) A shop's rent B) Air pollution from a factory harming nearby residents C) Wages paid to staff D) Profit earned by a business Answer: B
- Social cost is calculated as: A) Private cost minus external cost B) Private cost plus external cost C) External cost minus private benefit D) Private benefit plus external cost Answer: B
- A factory's private cost of production is GBP 60,000 and it creates an external cost of GBP 15,000. What is the social cost? A) GBP 45,000 B) GBP 60,000 C) GBP 75,000 D) GBP 15,000 Answer: C
- Which of the following is most likely to create a positive externality? A) A factory dumping waste into a river B) A household getting vaccinated against a contagious disease C) A driver causing traffic congestion D) A firm emitting noise pollution Answer: B
- Which government policy directly caps the total quantity of pollution allowed while letting firms trade the right to pollute? A) A subsidy B) A tradeable permit scheme C) A public information campaign D) A minimum price Answer: B
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Akwụkwọ A Na-atụ Aro
Mụtakwuo ihe site na isi mmalite mepere emepe
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
The Economics of Pollution
Explain and give examples of positive and negative externalities
"Principles of Economics 2e: The Economics of Pollution" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/12-1-the-economics-of-pollution. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/1-introduction
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
Why the Private Sector Underinvests in Innovation
Identify the positive externalities of new technology.
"Principles of Economics 2e: Why the Private Sector Underinvests in Innovation" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/13-1-why-the-private-sector-underinvests-in-innovation. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/1-introduction
Ndị otu ndị ọzọ bipụtara ha n'okpuru ikike mepere emepe, anyị na-ekele ha dị ka ha si chọọ. Njikọ na-emepe saịtị ha.
Meecha Ajụjụ Ule Ọmarịcha
Ị chọrọ ime ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha gbasara Externalities? Budata ngwa Green Bridge CBT iji nweta ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha na nyocha zuru ezu gbasara isiokwu a.
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