Covalent Bonding
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
Most of the substances you encounter every day, from the water you drink to the plastic in your phone case, are held together by covalent bonds. Unlike ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred, covalent bonding involves atoms sharing pairs of electrons so that each atom achieves a stable outer shell.
In this lesson you will learn how covalent bonds form, practise drawing dot-and-cross diagrams for key molecules, and explore why simple molecular substances have low melting points while giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite are among the hardest materials on Earth. These concepts appear regularly on both Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Ebumnobi
- Know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the sharing of a pair of electrons
- Understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions
- Understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonds in diatomic, inorganic and organic molecules
- Explain why substances with simple molecular structures are gases or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points
- Explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple molecular structures increase with increasing relative molecular mass
- Explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with high melting and boiling points
- Explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene influence their physical properties
- Know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity
Maapụ uche
E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.
Mepee maapụ uche na ngwa
Kaadị ncheta
Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.
Mee omume kaadị ndị a na ngwa
Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ
Ndetu Nkuzi Zuru Ezu di na Ngwa Green Bridge
Nweta ngwa Green Bridge CBT na ekwenti gi ma o bu kompiuta maka ulo akwukwo IGCSE zuru oke: akwukwo ule ndi gara aga, usoro nyocha, eserese uche, kaadi omumu na nkuzi olu.
Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Covalent Bonding. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- What is a covalent bond? A) A bond formed by transferring electrons from a metal to a non-metal B) A bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms C) A bond formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions D) A bond formed by delocalised electrons in a metal Answer: B
- How many covalent bonds does a carbon atom typically form? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: D
- Which substance has a giant covalent structure? A) Water B) Carbon dioxide C) Diamond D) Hydrogen chloride Answer: C
- Why do simple molecular substances have low boiling points? A) Their covalent bonds are weak B) Their intermolecular forces are weak C) They contain ions that separate easily D) They have delocalised electrons Answer: B
- Which allotrope of carbon can conduct electricity? A) Diamond B) Graphite C) Both diamond and graphite D) Neither diamond nor graphite Answer: B
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Akwụkwọ A Na-atụ Aro
Mụtakwuo ihe site na isi mmalite mepere emepe
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
Lewis Symbols and Structures
Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions
"Chemistry: Lewis Symbols and Structures" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Akụkụ akwụkwọ
The Solid State of Matter
Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids
"Chemistry: The Solid State of Matter" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/10-5-the-solid-state-of-matter. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
Ndị otu ndị ọzọ bipụtara ha n'okpuru ikike mepere emepe, anyị na-ekele ha dị ka ha si chọọ. Njikọ na-emepe saịtị ha.
Meecha Ajụjụ Ule Ọmarịcha
Ị chọrọ ime ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha gbasara Covalent Bonding? Budata ngwa Green Bridge CBT iji nweta ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha na nyocha zuru ezu gbasara isiokwu a.
Budata Ngwa Ahụ Na Google Playstore
Ihe nile ichoro iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na JAMB, WAEC & NECO.
