The Changing Nature Of Warfare And International Conflict, 1919-2011
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
In 1919 an army's decisive weapon was artillery and its decisive problem was how to cross a few hundred metres of open ground. By 2011 a single operator sitting on another continent could watch a building for hours and destroy it with a missile fired from an aircraft with nobody aboard. Between those two points lie tanks, carriers, radar, atomic weapons, guerrilla armies that defeated superpowers, and terrorism that turned airliners into weapons.
The examiner is not asking for a catalogue of hardware. The questions are about what changed and what did not: whether technology or ideas drove the change, why the most advanced armies repeatedly lost to the least advanced, and how the line between soldier and civilian was steadily erased. That last question is also a moral one, and the exam rewards a student who engages with it seriously rather than avoiding it.
Ebumnobi
- The changing nature of warfare, 1919-39: changes including gas, tanks and heavy artillery, submarines and military aircraft, guerrilla tactics in the Spanish Civil War
- Changing methods of warfare by land, air and sea, 1939-45: Blitzkrieg, the Battle of Britain, V weapons, U-boat warfare, amphibious operations, civilian resistance movements, aircraft carriers in the Pacific War
- New forms of conflict - nuclear and guerrilla war versus conventional war, 1945-75: the atom bombs, the nuclear arms race, weapons of mass destruction, MAD theory, arms limitation talks, conventional warfare in Arab-Israeli conflicts, guerrilla warfare in Vietnam
- Conventional war and the development of new wars, 1976-2000: the first Gulf War, the Falklands War, nuclear submarines, guerrilla warfare in Afghanistan, Star Wars and the end of the nuclear arms race
- Changing methods of warfare at the beginning of the 21st century, 2000-2011: the impact of terrorism and 9/11, high-tech warfare, surgical air strikes, drone wars
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Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na The Changing Nature Of Warfare And International Conflict, 1919-2011. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- Which agreement of 1925 prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons in war? A) The Geneva Protocol B) The Treaty of Versailles C) The Locarno Treaties D) The Kellogg-Briand Pact Answer: A
- What made the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942 unusual? A) It was fought entirely by submarines B) The opposing surface fleets never sighted each other and fought only with aircraft C) It was the first use of nuclear weapons at sea D) No aircraft were involved Answer: B
- The doctrine of mutually assured destruction holds that: A) Nuclear weapons should be used first in any conflict B) Neither side can gain from attacking, because each can destroy the other after absorbing a first strike C) Nuclear weapons should be shared among all states D) Conventional forces are no longer necessary Answer: B
- Which conflict is the clearest example of a superpower being defeated by guerrilla forces between 1979 and 1989? A) The Falklands War B) The first Gulf War C) The Soviet war in Afghanistan D) The Korean War Answer: C
- Which weapon system was first used in large numbers during the first Gulf War of 1990 and 1991? A) The V2 rocket B) The Tomahawk cruise missile C) The aircraft carrier D) Poison gas Answer: B
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