Section D: Physical Landscapes - Hot Deserts Or
Gbogbo ọrọ náà
This is the one section of Paper 1 where you get a choice. Section D offers hot desert landscapes as one question and river landscapes as the other, and you answer whichever one you have been taught. Both are shaped by the same idea: a moving fluid picks material up, carries it, and puts it down again when it runs out of energy. In a desert the fluid is usually air. In a river valley it is water. Everything else follows from that.
This lesson teaches both options in full, so that whichever your school has chosen you have it here, and so that the shared machinery is obvious. You will learn the wind and water processes that carve a desert, and build yardangs, zeugen, dunes, badlands, wadis, alluvial fans and salt lakes from them. You will follow a river from its steep headwaters to its estuary, explaining interlocking spurs, waterfalls, gorges, meanders, ox-bow lakes, levees and flood plains as you go. Then you will read a storm hydrograph, weigh hard engineering against soft, and follow the largest river management scheme on Earth from the floods that caused it to the arguments it is still causing.
Ebumnobi
- Hot deserts are shaped by a number of physical processes.
- Distinctive landforms result from different physical processes in hot deserts.
- Development of hot desert environments creates opportunities and challenges.
- River landscapes The shape of river valleys changes as rivers flow downstream.
- Distinctive fluvial landforms result from different physical processes.
- Different management strategies can be used to protect river landscapes from the effects of flooding.
- Aeolian (wind) processes:
- erosion - abrasion and deflation
- transportation - surface creep, saltation and suspension
- deposition - why wind deposits sediment. Water processes:
- erosion - abrasion and hydraulic power
- transportation - traction, saltation and suspension
- deposition - why water deposits sediment.
- Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from the effects of the wind - yardangs, zeugen and dunes.
- Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from water-badlands, wadis, alluvial fans and salt lakes. Examples should be used from the region and integrated into the teaching of the content. Use example(s) in hot deserts to illustrate:
- development opportunities in hot desert environments: oil and mineral extraction, energy, farming, tourism
- challenges of developing hot desert environments: extreme temperatures, water supply, inaccessibility.
- The long profile and changing cross profile of a river and its valley.
- Fluvial processes:
- erosion - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution, vertical and lateral erosion
- transportation - traction, saltation, suspension and solution
- deposition - why rivers deposit sediment.
- Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion - interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges. Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from erosion and deposition - meanders and ox-bow lakes. Characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition - levées, flood plains and estuaries. Examples should be used from the region and integrated into the teaching of the content. How physical and human factors affect the flood risk - precipitation, geology, relief and land use.
- The use of hydrographs to show the relationship between precipitation and discharge. The costs and benefits of the following management strategies:
- hard engineering - dams and reservoirs, straightening, embankments, flood relief channels
- soft engineering - flood warnings and preparation, flood plain zoning, planting trees and river restoration. An example of a river flood management scheme in the region to show:
- why the scheme was required
- the management strategy/strategies
- the social, economic and environmental issues.
Maapụ uche
E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.
Mepee maapụ uche na ngwa
Kaadị ncheta
Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.
Mee omume kaadị ndị a na ngwa
Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ
Ndetu Nkuzi Zuru Ezu di na Ngwa Green Bridge
Nweta ngwa Green Bridge CBT na ekwenti gi ma o bu kompiuta maka ulo akwukwo IGCSE zuru oke: akwukwo ule ndi gara aga, usoro nyocha, eserese uche, kaadi omumu na nkuzi olu.
Nnyocha Ọmụmụ
Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na Section D: Physical Landscapes - Hot Deserts Or. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.
Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.
Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.
- Which process removes loose fine material from a desert surface and leaves coarse stones behind? A. Abrasion B. Deflation C. Saltation D. Attrition Answer: B
- Which landform is a fan shaped deposit at the point where a desert valley opens onto a plain? A. Yardang B. Zeugen C. Alluvial fan D. Playa Answer: C
- Which type of erosion dominates in the upper course of a river? A. Lateral erosion B. Vertical erosion C. Coastal erosion D. No erosion occurs Answer: B
- What is lag time on a storm hydrograph? A. The time from the start of the rain to the peak discharge B. The time from peak rainfall to peak discharge C. The time the river stays above bankfull discharge D. The time taken for discharge to return to normal Answer: B
- Which of the following is soft engineering for flood management? A. Building an embankment B. Straightening a channel C. Flood plain zoning D. Constructing a flood relief channel Answer: C
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Rue ajuju ndi a n'ime ngwa ahu
Akwụkwọ A Na-atụ Aro
Meecha Ajụjụ Ule Ọmarịcha
Ị chọrọ ime ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha gbasara Section D: Physical Landscapes - Hot Deserts Or? Budata ngwa Green Bridge CBT iji nweta ajụjụ ule ọmarịcha na nyocha zuru ezu gbasara isiokwu a.
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