Geography (9-1) - 0976 CIE

The Processes And Features Associated With Earthquakes And Volcanoes

Gbogbo ọrọ náà

When the ground gives way after years of building pressure, the result can be over in seconds, yet shake an entire region. When molten rock finds a path to the surface, it can ooze out gently or blast a mountain apart. Earthquakes and volcanoes are the visible processes of a restless planet, and each one leaves tell-tale features that geographers can name and explain.

In this lesson you will learn what actually happens at each type of plate boundary, the anatomy of an earthquake (focus, epicentre and seismic waves), the three shapes of volcano and why they differ, how we label a volcano active, dormant or extinct, and the deadly hazards an eruption can unleash, from lava flows to pyroclastic flows and lahars.

Ebumnobi

  1. The processes experienced at each type of plate boundary which cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
  2. The main characteristics of earthquakes: focus, epicentre, seismic waves.
  3. Types of volcano: strato-volcano (composite cone), shield, cinder cone.
  4. The classification of volcanoes as active, dormant, or extinct.
  5. The main features of volcanoes: crater, vent, magma, magma chamber, secondary cone.
  6. Volcanic hazards: lava flows, ash falls, lahars, pyroclastic flows, tephra, volcanic rocks, toxic gases; the significance of speed, size, frequency, and spread.

Nkuzi Olu

Gee ntị na nkuzi a na ngwa

Maapụ uche

E seela isiokwu a ka ị hụ otu echiche si ejikọta.

Mepee maapụ uche na ngwa

Kaadị ncheta

Omume ncheta ngwa ngwa n'ihe a na-anwale n'isiokwu a.

Mee omume kaadị ndị a na ngwa

Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ

This topic is the engine room of the whole tectonics theme. Once you can explain the process at each boundary, you can predict what hazard occurs where, and why some eruptions are gentle and others catastrophic. Examiners reward candidates who use the correct terms (focus, epicentre, magma chamber, pyroclastic flow) accurately and who can link a volcano's shape to the lava that built it.

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Nnyocha Ọmụmụ

Ekele diri gi maka imecha ihe karịrị na The Processes And Features Associated With Earthquakes And Volcanoes. Ugbu a na ị na-enyochakwa isi echiche na echiche ndị dị mkpa, ọ bụ oge iji nwalee ihe ị ma. Ngwa a na-enye ụdị ajụjụ ọmụmụ dị iche iche emebere iji kwado nghọta gị wee nyere gị aka ịmata otú ị ghọtara ihe ndị a kụziri.

Ị ga-ahụ ngwakọta nke ụdị ajụjụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ajụjụ chọrọ ịhọrọ otu n’ime ọtụtụ azịza, ajụjụ chọrọ mkpirisi azịza, na ajụjụ ede ede. A na-arụpụta ajụjụ ọ bụla nke ọma iji nwalee akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma gị na nkà nke ịtụgharị uche.

Jiri akụkụ a nke nyocha ka ohere iji kụziere ihe ị matara banyere isiokwu ahụ ma chọpụta ebe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịchọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ. Ekwela ka nsogbu ọ bụla ị na-eche ihu mee ka ị daa mba; kama, lee ha anya dị ka ohere maka ịzụlite onwe gị na imeziwanye.

  1. The point on the ground surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is the: A. fault B. epicentre C. crater D. vent Answer: B
  2. Which type of volcano has a broad, low shape and erupts runny lava? A. strato-volcano B. composite cone C. shield volcano D. cinder cone Answer: C
  3. Which volcanic hazard is a fast-moving, superhot cloud of gas, ash and rock? A. lava flow B. lahar C. pyroclastic flow D. ash fall Answer: C
  4. A volcanic mudflow formed when ash mixes with water is called a: A. tephra B. lahar C. caldera D. fumarole Answer: B
  5. Which seismic waves are the fastest and arrive first? A. surface waves B. S-waves C. Love waves D. P-waves Answer: D

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