WAEC SSCE - Civic Education - 2014

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

A major benefit of youth empowerment is the reduction in crime rate. When young people are empowered through education, skill acquisition, and other forms of support, they become less likely to engage in criminal activities. This is because they are better equipped to secure jobs and create wealth, which in turn reduces poverty and increases economic stability. Empowering young people also helps to create a sense of purpose and responsibility, leading to positive contributions to society and overall national prosperity. Therefore, youth empowerment is a critical strategy for reducing crime and promoting social and economic development.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Cultism is a dangerous practice that involves an obsessive and extreme devotion to a person, idea, or thing. It often involves a group of people who share the same beliefs and practices that are different from the norm or mainstream society. The practice can be manipulative and controlling, with leaders or members enforcing strict rules and punishment for disobedience. In extreme cases, cultism can lead to violence and harm to both members and non-members. Therefore, it is not amiable or harmless, but rather a dangerous and destructive practice.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Leaders can best protect the interest of their followers by creating a conducive atmosphere for participation. This means ensuring that everyone has a voice and can participate in decision-making processes. When everyone is able to contribute and provide input, leaders are better able to understand and address the needs and concerns of their followers. This can lead to the creation of socio-economic opportunities for everyone, including foreigners, and periodic constitutional reviews that reflect the needs of the people. Rewarding support with contracts may lead to corruption and a lack of transparency, which can harm the interests of the followers in the long run. Therefore, creating a democratic and inclusive environment that allows for participation and engagement is key to protecting the interests of the people.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Wanja's habit of taking marijuana and alcoholic beverages may result in criminality in the society. This is because drugs and alcohol can impair a person's judgment, making them more likely to engage in risky or illegal behavior. Additionally, prolonged drug and alcohol abuse can lead to addiction, which can further exacerbate criminal behavior as the person becomes more desperate to obtain their substance of choice. Therefore, it is important for individuals to avoid drugs and alcohol and instead cultivate good character traits that will enable them to lead a fulfilling and productive life.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

The position of the Bawali court on Mr. Zeb's case justifies the essence of the rule of law. The rule of law is a fundamental principle that ensures that everyone, including government officials, is subject to the law and that no one is above the law. In this case, the court is insisting that Mr. Zeb cannot be punished unless he is found guilty by a court of competent jurisdiction. This means that the court is upholding the principle that no one can be punished without due process of law, which is a fundamental aspect of the rule of law. The court's position also highlights the importance of the separation of powers. The court is an independent branch of government that is separate from the police command, which is responsible for enforcing the law, and the legislature, which is responsible for making the law. The court's independence ensures that it can hold the other branches of government accountable and protect the rights of citizens.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Citizenship status is acquired through birth, naturalization, honorary, and registration. - Birth: This is the most common way to acquire citizenship status. It is obtained by being born within the territory of a country or being born to a parent who is a citizen of that country. - Naturalization: This is the legal process by which a person who is not a citizen of a country can become a citizen. The process usually involves living in the country for a certain period of time, passing a language and/or civics test, and taking an oath of allegiance. - Honorary: This is a special kind of citizenship that is granted to individuals who have made significant contributions to a country. It is an honorary title and does not confer any legal rights or privileges. - Registration: This is the process of formally recording a person's citizenship status with the government. It may be required in some countries for certain benefits, such as the right to vote or access to public services.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The marked pedestrian crossing shown in the diagram is a zebra crossing. A zebra crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing that features white stripes on a black surface. It is called a zebra crossing because the stripes resemble those on a zebra. Zebra crossings are intended to provide a safe place for pedestrians to cross the road by indicating to drivers that they should give way to pedestrians. The black and white stripes also make the crossing more visible to drivers, especially in low light conditions.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Positive communal relationship implies a state of social harmony and cooperation among members of a community. When people in a community have a positive relationship, it promotes solidarity, trust, and love among them. This can lead to the creation of a peaceful and stable environment, where people are willing to work together for the common good of the community. Positive communal relationship encourages mutual respect, understanding, and tolerance among members of diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. This reduces the incidence of conflicts and fosters unity in the community. It also discourages rural-urban drift as people are content and satisfied with the opportunities and amenities available within the community. Overall, positive communal relationship has many positive implications, which include the promotion of social cohesion, peaceful coexistence, and socio-economic development.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Political apathy often leads to a low level of participation. When citizens are politically apathetic, they tend to be indifferent towards political issues and events, and this can result in a lack of involvement in the political process. This can include low voter turnout during elections, disinterest in political discussions, and a lack of engagement with government officials. As a result, important decisions may be made without sufficient input from citizens, and the overall quality of governance may suffer. Therefore, political apathy can lead to a lack of accountability and transparency, as well as a decrease in the legitimacy of the government.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

The most popular means through which citizens of a country can participate in politics is by voting in elections. Voting is the process of selecting a candidate or a party to represent the interests of citizens in government. It is an essential aspect of democracy as it allows citizens to express their views and make their voices heard. By casting their votes, citizens can elect leaders who they believe will best serve their interests and uphold their rights. Therefore, voting is a fundamental civic duty that every citizen should exercise to ensure the smooth functioning of a democratic society.

Akọwa Nkọwa

A system of government that listens to public opinion and tolerates opposition is a democratic regime. In a democratic regime, power belongs to the people who elect their leaders through free and fair elections. The leaders are accountable to the people and they listen to their opinions, even if they differ from their own. In a democratic regime, there is freedom of expression, association, and the press, which allow for the expression of diverse opinions and the tolerance of opposing views. Democratic regimes also have institutions such as an independent judiciary, a free press, and a vibrant civil society that serve as checks and balances against the abuse of power.

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The major characteristic of civil society is social responsibility. Civil society is made up of non-governmental organizations, community-based groups, and individuals who are united by a common goal of promoting the well-being of society. Civil society organizations are usually formed to provide services that the government cannot or will not provide. These organizations are also known for their advocacy work and for holding governments accountable for their actions. One of the key values of civil society is social responsibility, which is the recognition that individuals and organizations have a duty to contribute to the well-being of society as a whole. This involves being aware of the needs of others, and taking action to address those needs in a responsible and sustainable way.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The above diagram shows a zebra crossing, which is a designated area on the road where pedestrians can cross safely. All the vehicles in the diagram have stopped mainly because the pedestrians have already stepped on the zebra crossing. This is because the zebra crossing is specifically meant for pedestrians to use, and it is illegal for vehicles to drive through when pedestrians are using it. Therefore, drivers are obligated to stop their vehicles and give way to pedestrians using the zebra crossing. This is a safety measure to prevent accidents and promote the safety of pedestrians.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The disorderly behavior exhibited by the mob in the story best describes the break down of law and order. The mob gathered in front of Chief Bilisi's house, shouted and hurled abusive words at him, vandalized properties, and obstructed vehicular movement. These actions indicate a complete disregard for law and order, as the mob took the law into their own hands and acted in a disorderly and violent manner. The breakdown of law and order can have serious consequences for society, leading to chaos, insecurity, and a loss of trust in government and institutions.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Conflicts are better resolved in the society through dialogue. This is because dialogue provides a platform for all parties involved to express their concerns, grievances and opinions in a peaceful and respectful manner. It allows for the exploration of different perspectives and interests, leading to the possibility of finding common ground and mutually acceptable solutions. Tribunals and litigations, while useful in some cases, can be costly, time-consuming, and often leave one party feeling aggrieved. The court system, while necessary for certain types of conflicts, may not always be accessible or appropriate for all members of society. Dialogue, on the other hand, is a more inclusive and participatory approach that fosters understanding, empathy, and cooperation, promoting long-term peace and stability.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The nearest government to the people and an important means of promoting grassroots development is the local government. Local government is a form of government that is closest to the people at the grassroots level. It is responsible for providing basic amenities such as primary healthcare, sanitation, and primary education, among others. The local government also promotes grassroots development by providing employment opportunities through the execution of various development projects. It is the government that is directly responsible for the day-to-day running of communities and is therefore better placed to understand and meet the specific needs of the people.

Akọwa Nkọwa

To prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS, people should be encouraged to avoid casual sexual activities. HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person, sharing needles with an infected person, or from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Therefore, avoiding casual sexual activities, such as having multiple partners or unprotected sex, is a vital step in preventing the spread of the disease. Other measures, such as consistent and correct use of condoms, regular HIV testing, and access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for those who are HIV-positive, are also important in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The principle that public servants cannot be held responsible for their official actions denotes "anonymity". Anonymity refers to the idea that public officials should not be identified or held responsible for their official actions, and their personal identities should not affect their professional duties. This is to ensure that public servants can carry out their duties without fear of personal reprisals or persecution. Anonymity is often considered a key aspect of maintaining impartiality and objectivity in public service.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The factor that can limit the enjoyment of human rights in Nigeria is the declaration of a state of emergency by the government. When the government declares a state of emergency, it has the power to suspend certain constitutional rights and freedoms in order to maintain law and order, which can result in the violation of human rights. This means that individuals may not have the ability to exercise their rights to freedom of expression, association, or movement, among others. The government can also detain individuals without trial or due process during this period, leading to the violation of their rights. As a result, it is important for the government to balance the need for national security with the protection of citizens' human rights.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The most capable governmental agency of controlling the activities of Wanja and his group is the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). The NDLEA is a Nigerian agency responsible for preventing the production, trafficking, and abuse of illicit drugs. They have the power to arrest and prosecute individuals involved in drug-related offenses and to seize drugs and drug-related assets. Since Wanja is involved in drug abuse, the NDLEA is the appropriate agency to regulate and control his activities.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

Public servants in Nigeria are expected to be non-partisan and apolitical. This means that they should not align themselves with any particular political party or group, and should remain neutral in their actions and decisions while serving the public. They should also avoid engaging in political activities that could compromise their integrity and impartiality. Instead, they should focus on carrying out their duties and responsibilities to the best of their abilities, in the interest of the general public. Being ambitious is not necessarily a requirement for public servants, as their primary focus should be on serving the public rather than personal advancement.

Akọwa Nkọwa

A situation where most citizens fail to vote in an election could be described as political apathy. Political apathy refers to a lack of interest, motivation or enthusiasm towards political participation, particularly in the form of voting. It means people are disinterested in the political process or may not see the relevance of voting, which can lead to a low voter turnout in an election. This situation can affect the legitimacy of the electoral process, as fewer people participate in the democratic process, leading to a skewed representation of the people's interests.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Akọwa Nkọwa

The decision of the student to wear a bullet proof vest before going back to campus shows that the issue of cultism has created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity on the campus. The student's concern for personal safety indicates that there is a real and imminent threat posed by the rival cult group, which has resulted in violence and loss of lives. Therefore, cultism spreads fear and horror, and is not a conducive environment for learning or personal development.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The major lesson Nigerians can learn from the story is that greed and related vices can cause serious breach of the law. The story of Chief Bilisi, a prominent politician and minister in Kantogo Republic, shows how his greed and thirst for power led him to sponsor candidates who were loyal to him in exchange for contracts and financial benefits. This, in turn, resulted in the non-provision of social amenities for the community. When the community had had enough, they gathered in front of his house to protest, which eventually led to the vandalization of properties and obstruction of vehicular movement. Therefore, the story emphasizes the negative consequences of greed and related vices on the society and the importance of leaders prioritizing the well-being of their constituents over personal gain.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the founding father of Nigerian nationalism. He was one of the first Nigerians to openly criticize British colonialism and advocate for Nigerian self-rule. He founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party in 1923, which was the first Nigerian political party, and used it to push for greater representation of Nigerians in colonial governance. Macaulay's activism and leadership laid the foundation for the emergence of later Nigerian nationalists, including Nnamdi Azikiwe, Ahmadu Bello, and Obafemi Awolowo.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The division of Nigeria into constituencies for the purpose of electing representatives to the national assembly is a demonstration of popular participation. Popular participation refers to the involvement of citizens in decision-making processes that affect their lives, such as participating in elections. In this case, the constituencies provide a way for citizens to participate in the democratic process by electing representatives to the national assembly who will advocate for their interests and needs. The system of constituencies ensures that each region or group of people has a voice in the national assembly, and it promotes accountability and representation at the national level.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is based on the resolution of the United Nations Organization (UN). The UDHR is a milestone document that sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms that are inherent to all human beings, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion, or any other status. The UN adopted the UDHR on December 10, 1948, as a response to the atrocities committed during World War II. It serves as a foundation for international human rights law and has been translated into over 500 languages.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The statement implies that cultism in schools can lead to untimely death, as seen in the news of the rival cult group killing ten on campus. The student's fear of going back to the campus without a bullet proof vest is a clear indication that the level of violence caused by cultism in the school is high and could result in the loss of life. Thus, it is essential to address the issue of cultism in schools to prevent loss of life and promote a safe and secure learning environment.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The drunkard as depicted in the picture will not likely perform his parental role because his action constitutes a bad influence on his children. Children are very impressionable, and they often look up to their parents as role models. If a parent is constantly drunk, it sends a message to the children that drinking alcohol excessively is acceptable behavior. This behavior may lead the children to develop a drinking problem in the future or to have a negative attitude towards the use of alcohol. Furthermore, excessive drinking can cause the parent to be unable to provide for their children's basic needs. This may include food, clothing, shelter, education, and healthcare. As a result, the children may suffer from neglect, and their development may be affected. Rehabilitation facilities and the size of the family are not relevant factors in this case. The main issue is that the drunkard's behavior is likely to have a negative impact on his ability to perform his parental role, and his children's well-being may be at risk as a result.

Akọwa Nkọwa

According to the story, Imoh's parents were honest and responsible. This is evident from the fact that they raised Imoh to be a good citizen and to uphold the virtues and values of a good citizen. They detested all forms of immoral acts and instilled these values in their daughter. Imoh's actions on the bus demonstrate that she learned these values well and was able to apply them in her daily life.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The most appropriate way to curtail Wanja's behavior is through re-orientation and rehabilitation. This involves helping Wanja understand the dangers and negative effects of his drug and alcohol use, and providing him with support and resources to overcome his addiction. It may involve counseling, therapy, and possibly medication-assisted treatment to help him achieve sobriety and build a healthier, more productive life. The focus should be on addressing the underlying issues that drive Wanja's behavior, rather than simply punishing him or trying to bribe him with expensive gifts or financial incentives. Ultimately, the goal should be to help Wanja become a responsible and respected member of society, rather than a danger to himself and others.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The factor that attracts some Nigerians into human trafficking is the insatiable quest for quick wealth. This means that some individuals engage in human trafficking because they believe it will bring them quick and easy money. They may be lured by the false promises of traffickers or may be desperate to escape poverty and see trafficking as a way out. It is important to note that human trafficking is a serious crime that violates human rights and puts the lives of victims at risk.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Based on the dialogue, it is very unlikely that Wanja will be exhibiting the character of hospitable attitude towards people. He is going to the night club to get high, which suggests he is prioritizing his own desires over being hospitable to others.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Imoh demonstrated the value of honesty. She knew that the right thing to do was to pay for her fare, even though the conductor had forgotten to collect it. She chose to inform the conductor and pay the fare, rather than keeping the money for herself. This shows that she is truthful and sincere in her actions, and understands the importance of being honest and trustworthy in her daily life.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The major barrier to national development is the prevalence of corrupt practices. Corruption occurs when people in positions of power use their authority for personal gain, rather than for the good of society. This can take many forms, including embezzlement of public funds, bribery, and nepotism. Corruption siphons off resources that should be used for public goods and services, such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare, and this can have serious consequences for the development of a country. Corruption also undermines public trust in government, erodes the rule of law, and creates a culture of impunity where those who break the law are not held accountable. Therefore, addressing corruption is crucial for promoting sustainable economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving the overall well-being of citizens.

Akọwa Nkọwa

One of the main reasons why most HIV/AIDS patients are reluctant to disclose their status is because of fear of social stigmatization. This is because of the negative attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes surrounding HIV/AIDS that make people who are living with the disease feel ashamed, embarrassed, and discriminated against. Due to these negative perceptions, many HIV/AIDS patients fear that if they disclose their status, they will be ostracized, rejected by their friends and family, or even lose their jobs. Therefore, they prefer to keep their status secret, leading to a lack of access to care, support, and treatment.

Akọwa Nkọwa

The national assembly, presidency and court in a democracy are inter-related and inter-dependent and they form the arms of government. The arms of government are the three branches of government which are responsible for the governance and administration of a country. The national assembly, presidency and court are the legislative, executive and judiciary arms respectively, and they each have different roles and functions in ensuring a smooth running of the country. The legislature is responsible for making laws, the executive implements and enforces the laws, and the judiciary interprets the laws and resolves disputes.

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Human rights are basic natural rights that people enjoy primarily because they are human beings. These rights are inherent and universal, meaning they apply to all individuals regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, nationality, religion, or any other status. Human rights include, but are not limited to, the right to life, liberty and security of person, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, and the right to education and healthcare. These rights are protected by international law and form the foundation of a just and equitable society.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Democratic governance is usually characterized by free, fair, and credible elections. This means that citizens have the right to vote for their leaders without fear of intimidation or manipulation. Democratic governance promotes transparency, accountability, and the rule of law. It allows for peaceful transfer of power from one government to another, and provides a platform for citizens to participate in decision-making processes. Democratic governance also allows for the protection of human rights and provides opportunities for citizens to hold their leaders accountable.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Interpersonal relationship exists when there is interaction between persons in a social setting. This interaction may occur between individuals or groups with shared interests, goals or values. The essence of interpersonal relationship is to build and maintain positive connections between individuals or groups, which could foster cooperation, trust, and mutual respect. Interpersonal relationships could exist in different settings, including family, workplace, community, and social groups. Through interpersonal relationships, individuals and groups can achieve their social, cultural, and economic goals, while promoting the general welfare of the society.

Akọwa Nkọwa

Victims of human trafficking are often forced or coerced to engage in various forms of exploitation, including forced labor, prostitution, or other forms of sexual exploitation. Traffickers deceive, manipulate, and exploit vulnerable individuals for financial gain, using various means of control such as threats, violence, and debt bondage. Victims may also be subjected to physical and emotional abuse, and their movement and communication may be restricted to prevent them from seeking help or escaping.

Akọwa Nkọwa

(a) Drug abuse

Drug abuse is the wrong or excessive use of drugs without a doctor's prescription, or the use of drugs for purposes other than the ones for which they were intended, in a way that is harmful to the health and behaviour of the user.

(b) Six ways drug abuse can be curbed in the society

1. Public enlightenment and education - campaigns in schools, media and religious houses on the dangers of drug abuse.
2. Strict enforcement of drug laws - agencies like the NDLEA should arrest and prosecute peddlers and users.
3. Control of sale of drugs - drugs should be sold only on doctors' prescription in registered pharmacies.
4. Provision of employment and recreation - engaging youths with jobs and healthy activities keeps them away from drugs.
5. Rehabilitation and counselling - addicts should be treated and counselled in rehabilitation centres.
6. Good parental care and moral training - parents should guide, monitor and instil good values in their children. (Also punishment of offenders to serve as deterrent.)

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(a) Five characteristics of democracy

1. Periodic free and fair elections - leaders are chosen by the people at regular intervals.
2. Rule of law - everyone is equal before the law and government acts according to law.
3. Respect for fundamental human rights - the rights and freedoms of citizens are guaranteed.
4. Existence of political parties - multiple parties give citizens a choice of candidates and programmes.
5. Separation of powers - power is shared among the legislature, executive and judiciary to prevent dictatorship. (Also majority rule with protection of minority rights and freedom of the press.)

(b) Five ways the practice of democracy can contribute to national development

1. It ensures accountability and good governance - elected leaders serve the people and can be voted out, reducing corruption.
2. It guarantees peace and stability - orderly change of government prevents violence, encouraging development.
3. It protects human rights and freedom - free citizens contribute their ideas and talents to national growth.
4. It encourages popular participation - people take part in decision-making, so policies reflect their needs.
5. It attracts foreign investment and aid - a stable democratic country attracts investors, boosting the economy and infrastructure.

Akọwa Nkọwa

(a) Political apathy

Political apathy is a situation in which citizens show lack of interest, indifference or unwillingness to take part in the political activities of their country, such as voting, contesting for office, attending rallies or discussing public affairs.

(b) Three consequences of political apathy

1. Emergence of bad leaders - when good citizens refuse to participate, dishonest people win power.
2. Weak and unstable government - low participation reduces the legitimacy and effectiveness of government.
3. Poor development and bad policies - the interests of the indifferent majority are ignored, leading to poor governance.

(c) Three ways political apathy can be discouraged

1. Voter education and enlightenment - teaching citizens the importance of participation.
2. Conduct of free and fair elections - ensuring votes count restores confidence in the process.
3. Good governance and provision of incentives - when leaders fulfil promises and provide security, citizens are encouraged to participate.

Akọwa Nkọwa

(a) Citizenship education

Citizenship education is the type of education that teaches individuals the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes needed to become responsible and effective members of their society. It informs citizens about their rights, duties and obligations, and about how their government works, so that they can participate actively and positively in the affairs of the nation.

(b) Four reasons for effective citizenship education of Nigerian youths

1. To make them aware of their rights and duties - so they can defend their rights and perform their civic obligations such as voting and paying taxes.
2. To promote patriotism and national unity - it instils love for the country and tolerance among the diverse ethnic and religious groups.
3. To produce responsible and law-abiding citizens - it teaches good values and respect for the constitution, reducing crime and indiscipline.
4. To encourage active political participation - it prepares youths to take part in governance, leadership and community development, reducing political apathy.

Akọwa Nkọwa

(a) Five consequences of cultism

1. Loss of lives - cult clashes and initiations lead to killings and injuries.
2. Destruction of property - cultists vandalise and destroy school and public property.
3. Expulsion and truncated education - members are dismissed from school or imprisoned, ending their academic careers.
4. Insecurity and fear - cultism creates a climate of terror on campuses and in communities.
5. Moral decay and bad reputation - it breeds violence, drug abuse and crime, and damages the image of the individual and the institution.

(b) Five ways cultism can be prevented

1. Public enlightenment and moral education - teaching students the dangers of cultism.
2. Strict laws and punishment - enforcing anti-cult laws and expelling or prosecuting offenders.
3. Good parental care and monitoring - parents should watch over the company their children keep.
4. Provision of guidance and counselling - schools should counsel students and address their problems.
5. Engaging students in useful activities - sports, clubs and skills to occupy their time, plus effective school security to check secret meetings.

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(a) What are values?

Values are the accepted principles, standards, beliefs and qualities that a society or individual regards as good, important and worthwhile, and which guide people's behaviour and choices. Examples include honesty, integrity, discipline, hard work, respect, tolerance and cooperation.

(b) Six importance of values

1. They guide behaviour - values help people to distinguish right from wrong and to act properly.
2. They promote peace and unity - shared values such as tolerance and cooperation keep the society peaceful.
3. They build good character - values like honesty and discipline develop responsible, upright citizens.
4. They ensure order and stability - respect for laws and elders keeps society orderly.
5. They promote national development - values like hard work and integrity boost productivity and reduce corruption.
6. They preserve culture and identity - values transmit the accepted way of life from one generation to another and earn respect for the individual and nation.

Akọwa Nkọwa

(a) Popular participation

Popular participation is the active involvement of the citizens or the generality of the people in the political, social and economic activities and decision-making processes of their society, for example through voting, contesting for office, paying taxes, attending community meetings and taking part in developmental projects.

(b) Six reasons for popular participation in the society

1. To choose good leaders - participation in elections enables the people to elect credible representatives.
2. To promote good governance and accountability - it keeps leaders responsible and responsive to the people.
3. To protect the rights and interests of the people - active citizens defend their rights and demand their needs.
4. To promote development - contribution of ideas, labour and resources speeds up community and national progress.
5. To sustain democracy - wide participation strengthens and keeps the democratic system alive.
6. To promote unity and a sense of belonging - involvement makes citizens feel part of the society and fosters cooperation and peace.

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(a) Meaning of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10th December 1948 which sets out the basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all human beings everywhere are entitled, regardless of race, colour, sex, religion, language or nationality. It serves as a common standard of human rights for all peoples and nations of the world.

(b) Six core rights or freedoms in the UDHR of 1948

1. Right to life, liberty and security of person.
2. Freedom from slavery, torture and inhuman or degrading treatment.
3. Right to equality before the law and fair hearing.
4. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
5. Freedom of opinion, expression and information.
6. Right to education, work and an adequate standard of living. (Others: freedom of movement, freedom of peaceful assembly and association, and the right to own property.)

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(a) Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the illegal recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of persons through force, deception, threat or inducement for the purpose of exploiting them, for example through forced labour, prostitution, slavery, domestic servitude or the removal of body organs.

(b) Six causes of human trafficking in Nigeria

1. Poverty - the desire to escape hardship makes people vulnerable to traffickers' false promises.
2. Unemployment - lack of jobs pushes youths to accept dubious offers of work abroad.
3. Illiteracy and ignorance - uneducated people are easily deceived by traffickers.
4. Greed and desire for quick wealth - the wish to get rich quickly, including by parents who sell their children.
5. Broken homes and large families - neglect and inability to cater for many children expose them to trafficking.
6. Weak law enforcement and corruption - poor border control and bribery allow traffickers to operate freely. (Also peer pressure and demand for cheap labour and prostitution abroad.)