WAEC SSCE - Financial Accounting - 2021

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In the preparation of financial statements, minor events that have no significant impact on the financial position or performance of a company can be ignored in line with the materiality concept. The materiality concept states that information is considered material if it would affect the decisions of an informed reader of the financial statements. In other words, information is considered material if it is important enough to impact the overall understanding of the financial statements. Therefore, if an event is considered minor and unlikely to affect the financial statements in a significant way, it may not be disclosed in the financial statements. This helps to simplify the financial statements and focus on the information that is most relevant and important to users.

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The final stage of the accounting process is reporting. After all the financial transactions have been recorded and summarized, the next step is to prepare financial statements that provide useful information about the financial performance and position of the business to various stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and government agencies. Reporting involves preparing and presenting financial statements, such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, in accordance with accounting principles and standards. These financial statements provide information about the financial health of the business, including its assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash flows. In summary, reporting is the final stage of the accounting process, which involves preparing and presenting financial statements that provide information about the financial performance and position of the business.

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Fixed assets are long-term assets that a company owns and uses to generate revenue over several years. These assets, such as buildings, machinery, and equipment, are not meant for resale but rather are essential for a company's operations. To keep track of these fixed assets, companies maintain a separate account for each asset in the general ledger. The general ledger is the primary ledger that contains all the financial transactions of a company. Each fixed asset account in the general ledger tracks the original cost of the asset, any subsequent improvements or upgrades made to the asset, and the accumulated depreciation (i.e., decrease in value) over time. Therefore, the correct answer is the general ledger. The other options, such as the purchases ledger, sales ledger, and private ledger, are not used to record fixed assets. The purchases ledger tracks purchases made on credit, the sales ledger tracks sales made on credit, and the private ledger is a subsidiary ledger that contains more detailed information about certain accounts in the general ledger.

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The accounting principle of double entry states that every financial transaction has two effects: a debit and a credit. In other words, every entry made in the accounting records must have an equal and opposite entry. This means that for every debit made to an account, there must be a corresponding credit made to another account. This helps ensure that the accounting records are accurate and balanced. Therefore, the option that correctly describes the accounting principle of double entry is: "every debit entry must have a corresponding credit entry."

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Attama's share of profit can be calculated using the following steps: Step 1: Determine the total profit to be shared between Attama and Wawa. The total profit is given as D34,000. Step 2: Calculate Attama's salary for the year. Attama's salary for the year is D13,000. Step 3: Determine the remaining profit to be shared between Attama and Wawa. The remaining profit is obtained by subtracting Attama's salary from the total profit: D34,000 - D13,000 = D21,000. Step 4: Determine the share of profit for Attama and Wawa using the profit-sharing ratio of 4:3. To do this, we first calculate the total of the profit-sharing ratio: 4 + 3 = 7 Then, we determine Attama's share of the profit: Attama's share = (4/7) x D21,000 = D12,000 Therefore, Attama's share of the profit is D12,000. Answer: D12,000

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The difference between the market value of goods produced and the cost of production is called the "gross profit on manufacturing." This is the amount of money that a business earns after deducting the cost of production from the revenue generated by selling the goods. It represents the total profit before taking into account any other expenses such as overheads, taxes, or interest payments. In simpler terms, it is the money left over from the sale of goods after the cost of producing those goods has been accounted for.

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To calculate the depreciation for the year 2019, we need to know the carrying value of the asset at the beginning of the year, which is the cost of the asset minus accumulated depreciation up to the end of the previous year. Accumulated depreciation for the end of 2018 can be calculated as follows: Depreciation for 2018 = 15% x ₦600,000 = ₦90,000 Accumulated depreciation at the end of 2018 = ₦90,000 Carrying value of the asset at the beginning of 2019 can be calculated as follows: Carrying value at beginning of 2019 = Cost of asset - Accumulated depreciation at the end of 2018 Carrying value at beginning of 2019 = ₦600,000 - ₦90,000 Carrying value at beginning of 2019 = ₦510,000 Using the reducing balance method, the depreciation charge for 2019 can be calculated as 15% of the carrying value at the beginning of the year: Depreciation for 2019 = 15% x ₦510,000 Depreciation for 2019 = ₦76,500 Therefore, the answer is option (D), ₦76,500.

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In a partnership, the partners' share of profit is credited to their capital account. The capital account is a record of each partner's investment in the partnership and any changes to that investment over time. When the partnership earns a profit, the profit is divided among the partners according to their agreed-upon profit sharing ratio, and the partners' share of profit is credited to their individual capital accounts. This increases their capital investment in the partnership, and helps to ensure that the partners are fairly compensated for their contributions to the success of the business.

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The money measurement concept states that only transactions that can be expressed in terms of money can be recorded in the financial statements. This means that only transactions that have a monetary value, such as the sale of goods or services, can be recorded. One limitation of this concept is that important non-monetary activities, such as the value of a company's reputation or the quality of its products, cannot be reported in financial statements. This means that important aspects of a company's performance may not be reflected in its financial reports. This can lead to an incomplete picture of the company's overall financial health and performance.

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A suspense account is used in the correction of errors that affect the agreement of a trial balance. A trial balance is a statement that shows the total debits and total credits of all accounts in the general ledger of a business, and it is used to check the accuracy of the accounting records. If the trial balance does not balance, it means that there are errors in the accounting records that need to be corrected. In some cases, it may not be immediately clear where the error has occurred, or it may not be possible to correct the error immediately. In these situations, a suspense account can be used to temporarily hold the difference between the debits and credits until the error can be located and corrected. For example, if the total debits in the trial balance exceed the total credits by $100, a suspense account can be created with a credit balance of $100. This will balance the trial balance in the short term, but it is important to remember that the suspense account is not a permanent solution. The error needs to be located and corrected, and the balance in the suspense account needs to be transferred back to the correct accounts once the error has been resolved. Overall, a suspense account is a useful tool for correcting errors that affect the agreement of a trial balance and for ensuring the accuracy of the accounting records.

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Wages accrued is shown in the balance sheet as a liability. A liability is an amount that a company owes to someone else, such as employees for work that has been done but not yet paid for. Wages accrued is the amount of money that a company owes to its employees for the work they have done, but the payment has not yet been made. This means that the company has an obligation to pay the employees in the future, and this obligation is considered a liability on the balance sheet. In simple terms, the balance sheet is a snapshot of a company's financial position at a given point in time, and it lists all the assets, liabilities, and equity that the company has. Wages accrued is listed as a liability because it represents money that the company owes to others.

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The acid test ratio of a firm measures its liquidity. Specifically, it evaluates a company's ability to pay off its short-term debts using its most liquid assets (such as cash, marketable securities, and accounts receivable) without relying on the sale of inventory. In other words, it indicates whether a company has enough readily available resources to cover its immediate financial obligations. A higher acid test ratio suggests that a company is more capable of meeting its short-term liabilities, while a lower ratio indicates a higher risk of default. Therefore, the acid test ratio is an important financial metric for investors and creditors to assess the financial health and stability of a company.

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The reducing balance method of calculating depreciation charges a fixed percentage of the net book value of the asset. Net book value refers to the cost of the asset minus the accumulated depreciation on the asset. Let's say you have an asset worth $100,000 and the fixed percentage used to calculate depreciation is 20%. The first year, the depreciation would be calculated as 20% of the net book value, which would be $100,000. So, the depreciation for the first year would be $20,000. In the next year, the net book value would be $80,000 (which is $100,000 minus $20,000), and the depreciation would be calculated as 20% of the new net book value, which would be $16,000. This process continues, with the depreciation being calculated as a fixed percentage of the decreasing net book value each year, resulting in the depreciation charges reducing over time.

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The partner who is actively involved in the management of the firm and assumes personal responsibility for the firm's debts is a General Partner. A General Partner has an active role in making decisions, running the day-to-day operations, and has unlimited liability, meaning they are personally responsible for the debts of the firm. On the other hand, a Limited Partner has limited liability, meaning their personal assets are not at risk if the firm cannot pay its debts. A Sleeping Partner is a passive investor who provides capital but does not participate in the management of the firm. A Quasi Partner is a term not commonly used in the business world.

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A 50% mark-up means that the selling price of the product is 50% more than its cost price. For example, if the cost price of a product is $100, adding a 50% mark-up would mean selling it for $150 (100 + 50% of 100). To calculate the margin, we need to determine what percentage of the selling price is profit. Since the mark-up is 50%, we know that the cost price is 2/3 of the selling price (100% + 50% = 150%, and 100% is 2/3 of 150%). Therefore, the margin is 1/3 of the selling price, which is 33 1/3%. So the answer is: 33 1/3%.

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When a sole proprietor earns a net profit, this profit belongs to the owner of the business. The profit can be used in different ways, depending on the owner's decision. One option is to transfer the net profit to the capital account. This means that the owner is increasing their investment in the business, which can help the business grow in the future. Another option is to withdraw the profit by transferring it to the drawings account. This means that the owner is taking the profit out of the business for personal use. If the owner decides to keep the profit in the business, it can be transferred to the profit and loss appropriation account. This account is used to distribute the profit to different purposes, such as paying dividends to shareholders, setting aside funds for future investments or retaining the profit in the business. Lastly, the profit and loss account is a record of the business's revenue and expenses, including the net profit at the end of the period. It is not a transfer account and the net profit is not transferred to this account.

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The concept that enables a business to determine the actual profit or loss for a particular period is the accrual concept. This concept recognizes revenue and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is actually received or paid out. In other words, under the accrual concept, revenue is recognized when it is earned, even if the customer hasn't paid yet, and expenses are recognized when they are incurred, even if the business hasn't paid for them yet. By doing this, the business is able to more accurately match its revenue and expenses for a particular period, which allows it to determine its true profit or loss. For example, if a business provides services in January but doesn't receive payment until February, under the accrual concept, the revenue would still be recognized in January because that's when the services were provided. Likewise, if a business incurs expenses in December but doesn't pay for them until January, under the accrual concept, the expenses would still be recognized in December because that's when they were incurred. Overall, the accrual concept helps businesses to better understand their financial performance over a given period, and is an important tool for decision-making and planning.

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The balance of rent in the balance sheet would be a current liability of GH¢12,000. A balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time. It lists the company's assets, liabilities, and equity. In this case, the monthly rent payable is GH¢3,000. The rent paid on 01/01/2018 is GH¢48,000, which is more than the monthly rent for a whole year (12 x GH¢3,000 = GH¢36,000). This means that the company has a surplus of GH¢12,000 (GH¢48,000 - GH¢36,000). Since the company has not yet used the GH¢12,000 to pay for its rent, it is considered a liability, or an obligation to pay in the future. In accounting, a liability is recorded as a current liability if it is expected to be paid within one year. Therefore, the balance of rent in the balance sheet would be a current liability of GH¢12,000.

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Depreciation is a method of accounting that allocates the cost of an asset over its useful life, reflecting its gradual decrease in value. The reducing balance method calculates the depreciation charge based on the declining net book value of an asset. For the given scenario, the net book value at the end of the first year (31/12/18) can be calculated as follows: Cost of asset: ₦600,000 Depreciation charge for the first year: ₦600,000 * 15% = ₦90,000 Net book value at 31/12/18: ₦600,000 - ₦90,000 = ₦510,000 Next, we can calculate the net book value at the end of the second year (31/12/19) as follows: Cost of asset: ₦510,000 Depreciation charge for the second year: ₦510,000 * 15% = ₦76,500 Net book value at 31/12/19: ₦510,000 - ₦76,500 = ₦433,500 So, the net book value of the asset at 31/12/19 is ₦433,500.

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The correct entry for goods returned to the supplier is: Supplier's Account; credit Purchases Returns Account. In simple terms, when goods are returned to a supplier, it means that the supplier is taking back the goods that were previously sold to you and credited your account for the same amount. So, in your books, you need to record the credit received from the supplier by decreasing the amount you owe them (Supplier's Account) and increasing the account that keeps track of the returned goods (Purchases Returns Account). This results in a double-entry of Supplier's Account being debited and Purchases Returns Account being credited, effectively keeping the books balanced.

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A not-for-profit making organization is a type of organization whose main goal is to serve a certain cause or community, rather than to make a profit for its owners or shareholders. Members of this type of organization: - Do not earn dividends on their contributions, as the organization does not aim to make a profit. - Do not receive surplus at the end of the year, as any surplus is usually reinvested in the organization's mission. - May not be paid interest on their contributions, as the focus is on serving the cause, not generating profits. - May share profits according to their contributions, but this is not the primary goal of the organization and profits are not distributed as personal gain.

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An unpresented cheque is a transaction that would cause the cash book balance to be less than the bank statement balance. This occurs when you have written a cheque but the recipient has not yet deposited it into their bank account, and therefore it has not yet been processed by your bank. When you reconcile your cash book (which records all your transactions) with your bank statement, you may have recorded the cheque in your cash book, but it has not yet appeared in your bank statement. This means that your cash book balance will be higher than your bank statement balance. For example, if you wrote a cheque for $50 to pay a supplier, and they have not yet deposited it into their bank account, your cash book will show a decrease of $50, but your bank statement will not reflect this decrease until the cheque is deposited and processed by the bank. Therefore, if you have unpresented cheques in your cash book, your cash book balance will be higher than your bank statement balance, and this will cause a difference between the two balances.

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To find the sale for the year, we need to add the mark-up to the cost of goods sold. The mark-up is 30% of the cost of goods sold, which means we need to add 0.3 times the cost of goods sold to the cost of goods sold itself. So, Sale for the year = Cost of goods sold + Mark-up Sale for the year = Le200,000 + 0.3 x Le200,000 Sale for the year = Le200,000 + Le60,000 Sale for the year = Le260,000 Therefore, the sale for the year is Le260,000.

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When the sales account is corrected, the gross profit and the net profit would increase by GH¢1,000. Gross profit is the amount a company earns after subtracting the cost of goods sold from its revenue. If the sales account was undercast by GH¢1,000, this means that the company's revenue was recorded as lower than it actually was. By correcting this, the company's revenue would be higher and its gross profit would increase by the same amount, GH¢1,000. Net profit is the amount a company earns after subtracting all its expenses from its gross profit. If the company's gross profit increases by GH¢1,000, this means that its net profit would also increase by the same amount, GH¢1,000, assuming all other expenses remain the same. In short, correcting the sales account would result in both the gross profit and the net profit increasing by GH¢1,000.

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(a) Explanation of terms used in the accounts of a not-for-profit making organisation

(i) Entrance fees: This is a one-off amount paid by a new member on first joining the club or society, in addition to the ordinary subscription. It is a form of admission fee that entitles the person to become a member. It is normally treated as revenue income and credited to the Income and Expenditure Account in the year it is received, although some clubs, by their rules, capitalise it and add it to the Accumulated Fund.

(ii) Subscription: This is the periodic amount (usually annual) paid by members to enjoy the benefits and facilities of the organisation. It is the main source of revenue for most clubs and societies. In the Income and Expenditure Account only the subscription relating to the current year is taken, after adjusting for subscriptions owing (accrued) and subscriptions paid in advance.

(b) Five features of an Income and Expenditure Account

1. It is prepared by not-for-profit making organisations (clubs, societies, associations) rather than by trading firms.
2. It is drawn up on the accruals (matching) basis, so only incomes and expenses relating to the current period are included, whether paid or not.
3. It records only revenue incomes and expenses; capital items (purchase of assets, capital receipts) are excluded.
4. Its final balance is described as a surplus (excess of income over expenditure) or a deficit (excess of expenditure over income), not net profit or net loss.
5. It is the equivalent of the Profit and Loss Account and the surplus or deficit is transferred to the Accumulated Fund in the Balance Sheet.

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(a) What is an accounting concept?

An accounting concept is a basic assumption, rule or principle that underlies the recording and reporting of business transactions. Accounting concepts guide accountants so that financial statements are prepared on a uniform, consistent and acceptable basis.

(b) Explanation of the concepts

• (i) Business entity concept: the business is treated as separate and distinct from its owner. Only the transactions of the business, and not the private affairs of the owner, are recorded in its books.
• (ii) Accrual concept: revenues and expenses are recognised in the period in which they are earned or incurred, not necessarily when cash is received or paid. Adjustments are made for accruals and prepayments.
• (iii) Going concern concept: the business is assumed to continue in operation for the foreseeable future, and is not about to be wound up or drastically reduced in scale. Assets are therefore not valued at break-up prices.
• (iv) Consistency concept: the same accounting methods and policies are applied from one period to the next, so that results can be meaningfully compared; any change should be disclosed.
• (v) Periodicity (time interval) concept: the continuous life of the business is divided into definite, equal periods (usually one year) for which accounts are prepared and reported.
• (vi) Historical cost concept: assets and transactions are recorded at their original acquisition cost, rather than at current or market value.

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(a) Operation of the Petty Cash Book under the imprest system

The petty cash book is a subsidiary book used to record small, routine cash payments (for example, stamps, taxi fares, tea, cleaning materials) that are too trivial to pass through the main cash book. Under the imprest system, the petty cashier is given a fixed sum of money in advance, called the imprest or float, for a definite period (usually a week or a month).

1. At the start of the period the petty cashier receives the float, say N5,000, from the chief cashier.
2. During the period the petty cashier makes the small approved payments and records each one, supported by a petty cash voucher, on the credit (analysis) side of the petty cash book.
3. The payments are further classified under analysis columns (postage, travelling, stationery, sundry, etc.) so that expenditure can be posted in total to the ledger.
4. At the end of the period the petty cashier totals the payments made. The chief cashier then reimburses exactly the amount spent, so that the float is restored to its original fixed figure at the beginning of the next period.

Thus at the beginning of every period the petty cashier always holds the same fixed amount. In effect: Cash in hand + amount reimbursed = original imprest.

(b) Two disadvantages of the imprest system

• If the fixed float is too small, the petty cashier may run out of money before the period ends and be unable to meet legitimate small payments.
• It ties up cash idly in the hands of the petty cashier and can encourage fraud or misuse if vouchers are not properly checked and authorised.

(c) Five uses of a petty cash voucher

1. It serves as documentary evidence that a petty cash payment was actually made.
2. It authorises the petty cashier to release cash for the stated expense (it is signed by an approving officer).
3. It shows the details of the transaction: date, amount, purpose and person paid.
4. It acts as the source document from which entries are made in the petty cash book.
5. It provides an audit trail and helps in checking and controlling petty expenditure against fraud.

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(a) What is a Bank Reconciliation Statement?

A Bank Reconciliation Statement is a statement prepared periodically (usually monthly) to reconcile, or agree, the balance shown by the depositor's cash book (bank column) with the balance shown on the bank statement supplied by the bank. Because certain entries appear in one record before the other, the two balances often differ. The statement explains the causes of the difference and proves that both records are correct.

(b) Explanation of the terms

(i) Bank charges: Fees deducted by the bank from the customer's account for services rendered, such as account maintenance, ledger fees or commission. They appear on the bank statement first and must later be entered on the credit side of the cash book.

(ii) Standing order: A written instruction by the customer to the bank to pay a fixed amount to a named party at regular intervals (for example, monthly rent or insurance premium). The bank pays it automatically and records it before the customer enters it in the cash book.

(iii) Credit transfer: An amount paid directly into the customer's bank account by a third party (for example, a debtor settling a debt or dividends received). It increases the bank balance and appears on the bank statement before it is entered on the debit side of the cash book.

(iv) Dishonoured cheque: A cheque that the bank refuses to pay, usually because of insufficient funds, a technical error, or the drawer's account being closed. Where a customer's cheque earlier recorded as a receipt is returned unpaid, the bank reverses it, reducing the balance.

(v) Unpresented cheque: A cheque drawn and issued by the trader and already entered (credited) in the cash book, but which the payee has not yet presented to the bank for payment. It therefore reduces the cash book balance before it reduces the bank statement balance.

(vi) Uncredited cheque: A cheque received and paid into the bank, already entered (debited) in the cash book, but which the bank has not yet cleared and credited to the account. It therefore raises the cash book balance before it raises the bank statement balance.