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Ajụjụ 1 Ripọtì
a(i)Complete the table below by stating the type of cell division and the type of set of chromosomes for the listed cells.
| Cell | Type of cell division | set of chromosomes |
| Onion cell | mitosis | |
| Sperm cell | ||
| Pollen grain | ||
| Ovum | ||
| Guard cell | ||
| Cheek cell | diploid |
(ii) What is mitosis?
(b)Explain briefly how parents with blood groups A or B could have an offspring with blood group O.
(c)Explain briefly how genes are involved in the process of evolution.
a(i)
| Cell | Type of cell division | set of chromosomes |
| Onion cell | mitosis | diploid |
| Sperm cell | meiosis | haploid |
| Pollen grain | meiosis | haploid |
| Ovum | meiosis | haploid |
| Guard cell | mitosis | diploid |
| Cheek cell | mitosis | diploid |
(ii)Mitosis is a process in which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It's a type of cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis is responsible for growth and replacing worn-out cells. A cell replicates its chromosome and segregates them.
(b) Parents with blood groups A or B can have an offspring with blood group O if both parents are "heterozygous" for their blood type, meaning they carry both the dominant A or B allele and the recessive O allele, and each parent passes on the O allele to the child, resulting in a type O blood group for the offspring; this is possible because the O allele is recessive to both A and B alleles.
(c) Genes are the fundamental unit of inheritance, and their variations, primarily caused by mutations, are the raw material for evolution; meaning that changes in the frequencies of different gene variants within a population over time, driven by natural selection, lead to the observable changes we see as evolution. Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation (a process known as natural selection).
Akọwa Nkọwa
a(i)
| Cell | Type of cell division | set of chromosomes |
| Onion cell | mitosis | diploid |
| Sperm cell | meiosis | haploid |
| Pollen grain | meiosis | haploid |
| Ovum | meiosis | haploid |
| Guard cell | mitosis | diploid |
| Cheek cell | mitosis | diploid |
(ii)Mitosis is a process in which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It's a type of cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis is responsible for growth and replacing worn-out cells. A cell replicates its chromosome and segregates them.
(b) Parents with blood groups A or B can have an offspring with blood group O if both parents are "heterozygous" for their blood type, meaning they carry both the dominant A or B allele and the recessive O allele, and each parent passes on the O allele to the child, resulting in a type O blood group for the offspring; this is possible because the O allele is recessive to both A and B alleles.
(c) Genes are the fundamental unit of inheritance, and their variations, primarily caused by mutations, are the raw material for evolution; meaning that changes in the frequencies of different gene variants within a population over time, driven by natural selection, lead to the observable changes we see as evolution. Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation (a process known as natural selection).
Ajụjụ 2 Ripọtì
SECTION B
a(i)What is competition?
(ii)List two types of competition.
(iii)List four factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
(iv)Explain briefly the relationship between competition and succession.
b(i)What is structural adaptation?
(ii)State four types of structural adaptations in animals.
(c)List four features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
(d)Complete the table below by listing three types of adaptive colouration in animals and give one example each of animals that show the colourations.
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
(e) Give three examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
a(i) Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water , space or territory).
(ii)two types of competition:
- intra-specific competition
- inter-specific competition
(iii) factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
- Space
- food
- sunlight
- nutrient
- water
- mate
- inorganic substances
(iv)Relationship between Competition and Succession
Competition is a key driving force behind ecological succession, as the struggle for limited resources between different species leads to the replacement of less competitive species with more competitive ones, causing the community composition to change over time and progress through different stages of succession until a climax community is reached. For changes to occur in a community, there must be competition between the old population and the new one.
b(i)Structural adaptation
Structural adaptation refers to a physical characteristic of an organism that has evolved to help it survive in its environment, meaning it's a change in the organism's outward appearance or body structure that provides an advantage for its survival; examples include a giraffe's long neck for reaching high leaves, a duck's webbed feet for swimming, or a polar bear's thick fur for insulation in cold climates.
(ii) Types of structural adaptations in animals
- adaptation for offence and defence
- adaptation for securing mate/partner
- adaptation for feeding
- adaptation for water conservation
- adaptation for temperature control
(c) Features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
- DNA,
- Fingerprints,
- Blood groups
- Eye colour
- Facial expression
- Skin colour
- Peculiar body features and
- skeletal traits are used in crime detection.
(d)
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
| Counter-shading/disruptive colouration | Fishes in water |
| Camouflage | Chameleon |
| Alluring Colouration | Carnivorous spider |
| Protective/cryptic colouration | Lizard, lady bird, green snakes in green grasses. |
| Mimicry | Grasshopper, Moth |
(e) Examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
- Rubber tree
- Cacao tree
- Heliconia
- Passion flower
- Amazon water lily
- Orchids
- Mahogany
- Obeche
- Oil Palm tree
Akọwa Nkọwa
a(i) Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water , space or territory).
(ii)two types of competition:
- intra-specific competition
- inter-specific competition
(iii) factors that organisms compete for in a habitat.
- Space
- food
- sunlight
- nutrient
- water
- mate
- inorganic substances
(iv)Relationship between Competition and Succession
Competition is a key driving force behind ecological succession, as the struggle for limited resources between different species leads to the replacement of less competitive species with more competitive ones, causing the community composition to change over time and progress through different stages of succession until a climax community is reached. For changes to occur in a community, there must be competition between the old population and the new one.
b(i)Structural adaptation
Structural adaptation refers to a physical characteristic of an organism that has evolved to help it survive in its environment, meaning it's a change in the organism's outward appearance or body structure that provides an advantage for its survival; examples include a giraffe's long neck for reaching high leaves, a duck's webbed feet for swimming, or a polar bear's thick fur for insulation in cold climates.
(ii) Types of structural adaptations in animals
- adaptation for offence and defence
- adaptation for securing mate/partner
- adaptation for feeding
- adaptation for water conservation
- adaptation for temperature control
(c) Features of variation in humans that are used in crime detection.
- DNA,
- Fingerprints,
- Blood groups
- Eye colour
- Facial expression
- Skin colour
- Peculiar body features and
- skeletal traits are used in crime detection.
(d)
| Three types of adaptive colouration in animals | One example of animal that show the type of colouration |
| Counter-shading/disruptive colouration | Fishes in water |
| Camouflage | Chameleon |
| Alluring Colouration | Carnivorous spider |
| Protective/cryptic colouration | Lizard, lady bird, green snakes in green grasses. |
| Mimicry | Grasshopper, Moth |
(e) Examples of plants found in a tropical Rainforest.
- Rubber tree
- Cacao tree
- Heliconia
- Passion flower
- Amazon water lily
- Orchids
- Mahogany
- Obeche
- Oil Palm tree
Ajụjụ 3 Ripọtì
(a)State one function each of the following parts of the nephron:
(i) glomerulus (ii)Bowman's capsule (iii)proximal convoluted tubule (iv) distal convoluted tubule
(b) Complete the table below.
| Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism |
| contractile vacuole | ||
| Flatworm | ||
| Earthworm | ||
| Cockroach | ||
| Human | Liquid | |
| Stomata pore |
(c) List five excretory products of plants.
Functions of the parts of the nephron
(a)(i)Glomerulus carries out ultrafiltration or it filters the blood passing through it.
(ii)Bowman's capsule receives blood plasma from the glomerulus and filters it to initiate urine formation.
(iii)Proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing most of the glucose, amino acids, and small peptides that enter the ultrafiltrate back into the bloodstream.
(iv)Distal convoluted tubule regulates electrolytes and water balance, and helps maintain pH.
(b)
| Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism |
| Amoeba/Paramecium | contractile vacuole | Gaseous/Liquid |
| Flatworm | Flame cell | Liquid |
| Earthworm | Nephridium | Liquid |
| Cockroach | Malpighian tubule | Solid |
| Human | Skin/kidney/lung | Liquid |
| Plants(Green) | Stomata pore | Gaseous |
(c) Excretory products of plants include the following:
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, resins, gum, tannins, alkaloids, oils, and nitrogenous compounds.
Akọwa Nkọwa
Functions of the parts of the nephron
(a)(i)Glomerulus carries out ultrafiltration or it filters the blood passing through it.
(ii)Bowman's capsule receives blood plasma from the glomerulus and filters it to initiate urine formation.
(iii)Proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing most of the glucose, amino acids, and small peptides that enter the ultrafiltrate back into the bloodstream.
(iv)Distal convoluted tubule regulates electrolytes and water balance, and helps maintain pH.
(b)
| Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism |
| Amoeba/Paramecium | contractile vacuole | Gaseous/Liquid |
| Flatworm | Flame cell | Liquid |
| Earthworm | Nephridium | Liquid |
| Cockroach | Malpighian tubule | Solid |
| Human | Skin/kidney/lung | Liquid |
| Plants(Green) | Stomata pore | Gaseous |
(c) Excretory products of plants include the following:
Carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, resins, gum, tannins, alkaloids, oils, and nitrogenous compounds.
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