JAMB UTME - Geography - 2024

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The longest river in Africa is the Nile River. The Nile River is renowned for its extraordinary length, stretching approximately 6,650 kilometers (about 4,130 miles). This majestic river traverses several countries in northeastern Africa, including Uganda, Sudan, and primarily Egypt. Its extensive reach makes it the longest river not only in Africa but also in the world, although there is some debate with the Amazon River.

The Nile plays a crucial role in the cultures and economies of the nations it flows through. In ancient Egypt, for instance, it was vital for agriculture, enabling civilizations to thrive by providing a reliable source of water and fertile land for farming. Today, the Nile continues to be a lifeline for millions of people, supporting agriculture, transport, and providing drinking water.

In contrast, the other rivers mentioned, such as the Zambezi, Senegal, and Congo, though significant in their own right, are shorter and do not match the extraordinary length of the Nile River.

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To determine which option is not a proof of the Earth's spherical shape, let's examine each one:

Twilight and Dawn: Twilight and dawn occur when the Earth rotates, and the sun is below the horizon. The gradual increase or decrease in light during these times is due to the atmosphere bending or scattering sunlight. While this phenomenon is observed worldwide, it by itself doesn't directly indicate a spherical Earth. Instead, it emphasizes the Earth's rotation, which is consistent with a spherical shape.

Lunar Eclipse: During a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is directly between the sun and the moon, the Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This shadow is observed as a circular shape, which provides direct evidence that the Earth is spherical.

Aerial Photograph: Aerial photographs, when taken from a sufficient altitude, can show the curvature of the Earth. Photographs taken from high altitudes give visual evidence of the Earth's curved surface, supporting the spherical shape.

Sunrise and Sunset: The occurrence of sunrise and sunset happens due to the Earth's rotation on its axis. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the world experience sunlight and darkness. This rotation is consistent with the global experience of a spherical planet.

Conclusion: While all the listed phenomena have some connection to the Earth's rotation and shape, **twilight and dawn** do not directly serve as a proof of the Earth's spherical shape. They are more indicative of the rotational aspect and atmospheric effects rather than the shape itself.

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The environmental hazard that is due primarily to human activities is ozone depletion.

The ozone layer is a protective shield in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. The thinning of the ozone layer is mainly caused by the release of man-made chemicals. The most significant contributors to this environmental hazard are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) which have been used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam production, and aerosol propellants. When these chemicals reach the stratosphere, they break down ozone molecules, leading to what is known as the "ozone hole."

In contrast, the other environmental hazards listed—hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—are natural phenomena. While human activities can influence the severity or impact of these events, such as through climate change exacerbating the intensity of hurricanes or human settlement in earthquake-prone areas, they are not primarily caused by human actions.

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The **Horn of Africa** is a prominent peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Arabian Sea. It consists primarily of four countries: **Ethiopia**, **Eritrea**, **Somalia**, and **Djibouti**. From the options provided, only **Djibouti** is located within the Horn of Africa. This makes Djibouti geographically significant in terms of its positioning in this specific region.

For further understanding, here is a brief description of the other countries mentioned:

• Kenya: Although located in East Africa, it is situated below Ethiopia and does not form part of the Horn of Africa.
• Chad: This country is located in Central Africa and is far away from the Horn of Africa.
• Swaziland (now called Eswatini): This is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, nowhere near the Horn of Africa.

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On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, places in the Northern Hemisphere experience a phenomenon often referred to as the **Summer Solstice**. This day marks the point when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted closest to the Sun. As a result, it receives the most direct sunlight compared to any other day of the year.

During this time, the day is significantly longer than the night. This is because the Sun travels a longer path through the sky, remaining visible for a larger portion of the 24-hour day. Therefore, areas in the Northern Hemisphere experience a **longer day and shorter night**.

This occurrence is most noticeable the further north you go, with some regions near the Arctic Circle experiencing the phenomenon known as the "Midnight Sun," where the sun is visible at midnight.

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There is no such thing as a "mountain of accumulation". The other options - conical mountain, block mountain, and fold mountain - are all types of mountains.

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Pie charts are not suitable for representing data with wide extremes, as they are better suited for showing proportions and percentages.

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Hong Kong, Java, and Manhattan all share the feature of having a **high population density**. These regions are known for their concentrated population in relatively small areas. Here is a simple explanation for each:

• Hong Kong: As a major financial and cultural center, Hong Kong is known for its skyscrapers and bustling city life, housing a large number of people in a compact space.


• Java: This Indonesian island is one of the most densely populated places in the world, being the political, economic, and cultural hub of Indonesia.


• Manhattan: In New York City, Manhattan is famous for its urban density, with many people living and working in high-rise buildings within a small area, contributing to its status as a significant commercial and cultural center.

In summary, the common feature among these locations is their **high population density**, where large numbers of people reside and engage in various activities within limited geographic spaces.

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To determine which of the listed items is not an element of climate, we need to understand what elements constitute climate. **Climate** refers to the average weather conditions of a place over a long period, typically 30 years or more. The primary elements that define climate include **temperature**, **precipitation**, **humidity**, **wind**, and **air pressure**. Let's go through the choices given:

Precipitation: This is an important element of climate as it refers to any form of moisture that falls from the atmosphere to the earth's surface, such as rain, snow, or sleet.

Air pressure: This is a crucial element of climate because it influences wind patterns and weather systems such as cyclones and anticyclones.

Altitude: This is not an element of climate; rather, it is a geographic factor that influences climate. As you go higher in altitude, temperatures typically decrease, which can affect the climate of a region, but altitude itself is not a climatic element.

Temperature: This is a fundamental element of climate, affecting the average warmth or coldness of a place over time.

Therefore, **altitude** is not an element of climate, but a factor that can influence the other elements like **temperature** and **precipitation**.

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The part of the earth's crust that is covered by oceans and seas is called the hydrosphere.

Let's break it down logically:

• The hydrosphere specifically refers to all of the water found on, under, and over the surface of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and even water in the atmosphere.
• It covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, making it a significant and distinctive part of the planet.
• The stratosphere and the ionosphere are layers of the Earth's atmosphere, not related to water or Earth's crust coverage.
• The biosphere refers to all regions of the Earth occupied by living organisms. While it includes oceans and seas, it is not specific to just water coverage.

Therefore, the term that correctly describes the part of the Earth's crust covered by water bodies like oceans and seas is the hydrosphere.

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The Ogbunike Cave is a popular tourist destination located **near Onitsha in Anambra State**. This cave is part of a large system of limestone caves and is known for its historical and cultural significance to the people of the region. It's situated in the southeastern part of Nigeria and is associated with numerous legends and stories that reflect its importance to local traditions. Therefore, the correct location for Ogbunike Cave is **near Onitsha in Anambra State**.

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The bush fallowing system in West Africa is not very economical in the use of land. Bush fallowing involves leaving land fallow for several years to regain its fertility, which can lead to inefficient use of land.

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The location of the iron and steel industry at Ajaokuta in Nigeria can be best explained by considering certain factors critical to the iron and steel production process. These factors include **availability of raw materials**, **efficient transportation networks**, and **proximity to fuel sources**.

Firstly, the presence of **iron ore at Itakpe** is crucial because iron ore is the primary raw material needed for steel production. The proximity of Itakpe's iron ore deposits to Ajaokuta reduces transportation costs and ensures a steady supply of the primary raw material, enhancing the industry's efficiency. Therefore, **availability of iron ore is a significant consideration**.

Secondly, **limestone at Ewekoro** is essential because limestone is a critical component used in removing impurities during the steelmaking process, particularly in the blast furnace. Limestone acts as a flux which combines with impurities and forms slag that can be easily removed. **Proximity to limestone sources ensures access to necessary materials for processing**, which is a factor in choosing the location of the industry.

The presence of a **river port at Lokoja** facilitates the transportation of raw materials and finished products, as waterways provide a cost-effective and efficient means of transportation. This is important for both importing required materials and exporting the finished steel products.

Additionally, **coal at Orukpa and Okaba** is important as coal is often used to generate the high temperatures needed in steel production, either directly or through the production of coke, a coal derivative used in blast furnaces.

In conclusion, the location of the iron and steel industry at Ajaokuta is best explained by the presence of:

• Iron ore at Itakpe, for the primary raw material.
• Limestone at Ewekoro, for aiding the processing in steelmaking.

Therefore, the most relevant factors are the **availability of iron ore and limestone**, making the best answer "I and II only".

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One of the major problems impacting the effective utilization of human resources in West Africa is unemployment.

Unemployment is a significant issue because it leads to several challenges that adversely affect both individuals and the economy at large. When people, especially those who are capable and willing to work, do not have jobs, it results in a waste of potential human resources. Let's break down a few reasons why unemployment is such a pressing problem:

• Economic Impact: High unemployment rates mean that a large portion of the population is not contributing to the economic growth of the country. This diminishes the overall productivity and can lead to a lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• Poverty: Unemployment often results in income instability, which can push individuals and families into poverty. This lack of income makes it challenging to meet basic needs such as food, education, and healthcare.
• Social Challenges: High levels of unemployment can lead to increased crime rates and social unrest, as people without jobs may resort to illegal activities to support themselves.
• Brain Drain: Persistently high unemployment can lead to emigration, where skilled individuals move to other countries in search of better opportunities. This exacerbates the issue as it creates a loss of talented individuals who could have contributed to local development.
• Skill Deterioration: When people remain unemployed for extended periods, their professional skills may deteriorate, making it even harder for them to find employment in the future.

Addressing unemployment requires collaborative efforts involving government policies, education systems, and private sector initiatives to create more job opportunities and develop skills that match the demands of the labor market. Therefore, unemployment remains a critical concern in achieving optimal utilization of human resources in West Africa.

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The geographical region of Nigeria described in the question is the North-Central Highlands. This area covers about one-fifth of the country and is characterized by a generally flat surface with granitic hills, known as inselbergs, scattered throughout the landscape. These hills are composed of hard rock formations that have resisted erosion, thereby standing out from the flatter surroundings.

This region is situated in the north-central part of Nigeria and is significant for its geological features and agricultural potential. The flat terrain provides an expansive area suitable for farming, while the inselbergs add to the region's natural beauty and sometimes serve as landmarks. The North-Central Highlands are an important and distinct geographical region within Nigeria due to these unique characteristics.

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The equatorial diameter of the earth is approximately 6,760 km. This is the distance from the equator to the equator, passing through the center of the earth.

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One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that urban settlements are areas of secondary and tertiary activities.

Let's break this down:

• Urban Settlements: These are typically characterized by higher population density and more developed infrastructure. The economic activities here are primarily focused on secondary activities, such as manufacturing and industry, and tertiary activities, such as services like banking, education, healthcare, and retail. These activities are associated with more advanced stages of economic development and are common in cities and larger towns.


• Rural Settlements: On the other hand, rural areas are often associated with primary activities, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining. These activities involve direct extraction or harvesting of natural resources and are more common in less densely populated areas like villages or countryside.

To summarize, the primary distinction is that urban settlements focus on secondary and tertiary activities, providing goods and services, ultimately making them different in function and character from rural settlements, which focus more on primary activities.

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Coal is associated with organically-formed sedimentary rocks.

To understand why coal is associated with this type of rock, let's break it down:

1. **Sedimentary Rocks:** These rocks are formed from particles or sediments that accumulate and consolidate over time. Sedimentary rocks can be broken down further into different types based on their origins.

2. **Organically-formed Sedimentary Rocks:** This subgroup specifically forms from the accumulation of organic material, including plants and animals. Over millions of years, the remains of plants (especially those from swampy or wetland areas) accumulate in layers. As more and more layers build up, the pressure and heat from above cause these plant materials to transform into coal. Thus, coal is formed over long geological periods, through the compression of organic plant material.

This process differentiates organically-formed sedimentary rocks from mechanically-formed sedimentary rocks, which result from the mechanical process of weathering and erosion of existing rocks, and from igneous rocks like plutonic, which form from the solidification of magma, and crystalline rocks, which are typically associated with metamorphic processes. Thus, **coal is uniquely tied to organically-formed sedimentary rocks because of its plant-based origin**.

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One of the major problems in agricultural development in Nigeria is the insufficient storage facilities.

The agricultural sector in Nigeria often faces difficulties after crops are harvested. Poor storage facilities mean that a substantial portion of the agricultural produce is lost due to spoilage, pests, or damage. This is a significant challenge because:

• **Loss of Produce:** Without adequate storage, farmers cannot preserve excess produce for future use, which leads to food waste and instability in food supply.
• **Reduced Income:** When farmers are unable to store their produce, they may have to sell it quickly and often at lower prices, immediately after harvest. This reduces their potential earnings.
• **Market Imbalance:** Lack of storage facilities can lead to an overflow of produce in the market right after harvest and a shortage during off-season periods, causing fluctuating prices.
• **Quality Degradation:** Poor storage facilities can lead to the degradation of the quality of produce, which in turn affects marketability and consumer trust.

Improving storage facilities would provide farmers with the ability to manage their production better, ensuring a more consistent supply of agricultural products and contributing significantly to the development of agriculture in Nigeria.

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Nigeria, a country located in West Africa, is situated between the longitudes of 3°E and 15°E. Longitude lines are imaginary vertical lines that run across the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines help in determining the east-west position of a particular location on earth. By being positioned between 3°E and 15°E, Nigeria stretches from slightly east of the Prime Meridian, which is 0°, to 15° eastward. This geographical positioning affects several aspects like climate and time zone, making it an important detail in understanding the country's location globally.

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The decline in the importance of rail transport in Africa can be best explained by the high competition from road transport. Here's why:

Accessibility and Flexibility: Road transport is generally more accessible and flexible compared to railways. Roads are available in most areas of Africa, including rural regions, allowing goods and passengers to reach their destinations directly without requiring transfer between modes of transport.

Cost-Effectiveness: In many cases, road transport can be more cost-effective because it eliminates the need for transferring goods at several points. The initial investment in road infrastructure and vehicles can also be less than maintaining or upgrading railway networks.

Adaptability to Infrastructure Limitations: Many railways in Africa suffer from outdated infrastructure, which can hinder their efficiency and reliability. On the other hand, road transport can easily adapt to newer roads and infrastructures as they are developed.

Length of Transport Routes: Although Africa is a vast continent, many trade routes within countries or regions are more economically feasible with road transport, especially for short to medium distances.

Overall, while other factors such as the low volume of goods and potential retrenchment threats exist, the dominance and rapid improvement in the road transport sector particularly highlight why rail transport has seen a decline in relevance. The flexibility and economic viability of road transport often make it a more attractive choice for businesses and individuals alike.

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The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is solar energy.

Let me explain why:

Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun. It is critical for life on Earth as it powers the process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and with the help of sunlight, they produce glucose and oxygen. This process provides the necessary energy and organic material to support life.

Here is why it is important:

• Primary Producers: Solar energy fuels the primary producers (mainly plants) that form the base of the food chain. They use sunlight to create food that herbivores eat, and these herbivores are then consumed by carnivores. Without the energy provided by the sun, this foundational level of the food web would not exist, and all life forms that depend on plants, either directly or indirectly, would not survive.
• Energy Transfer: The energy captured by plants is transferred through various trophic levels as different organisms consume one another. Each level receives energy that originated from the sun, making solar energy the primary driving force of energy flow in ecosystems.
• Climate Regulation: Sunlight helps regulate Earth's climate and atmospheric conditions, influencing temperature and weather patterns. These conditions are necessary for the survival of various ecosystems and their inhabitants.

In comparison, other energy sources like geothermal energy, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power play relatively minor roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These energies are not as directly involved in powering the basic life-sustaining processes as solar energy is. Therefore, it is clear that solar energy is the predominant power source for life on land.

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The Biu Plateau has an average height of over 100 meters above sea level. The Biu Plateau is a region of high ground in northeastern Nigeria

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Rocks that are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called igneous rocks.

To put it simply, when rocks melt deep beneath the Earth's surface because of the high temperatures, they turn into a liquid called magma. This magma can sometimes rise to the surface in the form of lava. Once either the magma or lava cools down and becomes solid, it forms a new type of rock known as igneous rock.

These rocks can be formed inside the Earth when the magma cools slowly, creating large crystals, or on the Earth's surface, when the lava cools quickly, often resulting in smaller crystals. The word "igneous" comes from a Latin word meaning "fire," which appropriately describes how these rocks form from the hot, molten magma.

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The port described in the statement is an entrepôt. An entrepôt is a type of port or a trading post where goods are imported, stored, and then re-exported. It acts as a key transfer point in international trade, allowing products to be redistributed to neighboring countries. This concept operates on the idea that items arrive in bulk and then are sent out again, perhaps even modified or repackaged, often without the goods being subject to customs duties. In essence, an entrepôt streamlines the movement of goods, facilitating international commerce and boosting trade networks.

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An example of an organically formed sedimentary rock is coal.

Coal is formed from the remains of dead plants that accumulated in ancient swamps and wetlands. Over millions of years, these plant materials were buried under layers of sediment. As more layers built up on top, the increased pressure and heat transformed the plant remains into coal. The process involved is known as biochemical sedimentation, where organic materials are compacted and altered to form rock.

This is in contrast to the other options:

• Granite is an igneous rock, not sedimentary, formed from cooled magma or lava.
• Rock salt is a chemical sedimentary rock formed when water evaporates, leaving behind salt crystals.
• Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock formed from compacted sand particles.

To summarize, coal is the organically formed sedimentary rock among these options because it originates from ancient plant material that has undergone compaction and chemical transformation over time.

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The mountains formed as a result of compressional forces in the Earth's crust are known as fold mountains. Fold mountains are created when two tectonic plates collide, and the compressional forces involved cause the layers of the Earth's crust to crumple and fold.

Imagine it like pushing two pieces of paper together from opposite ends; they begin to crumple and form folds. Similarly, when large sections of the Earth's crust are subjected to immense pressures from the sides, they buckle and bend into wave-like structures called folds. These folds then rise over time to form fold mountains.

Some of the most well-known mountain ranges in the world, like the Himalayas, the Alps, and the Rockies, are examples of fold mountains.

In summary, fold mountains are formed by the compression and folding of the Earth's crust, making them a direct result of tectonic forces that push the land upwards to form mountains.

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Mercury and Venus are the two planets that lie between the Sun and Earth.

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A conurbation is a term used to describe a group of cities, towns, or urban areas that have merged together to form a single urban entity, while still retaining their individual identities.

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Life expectancy refers to the average age at which people die. It is a statistical measure that estimates the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Life expectancy can vary significantly based on various factors such as geography, lifestyle, healthcare quality, and socioeconomic status. It serves as an important indicator of a population's overall health and quality of life.

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The **Gezira Scheme** and the **Manaquil Extension** are famous for the cultivation of **cotton**. These agricultural projects are located in **Sudan** and are among the largest irrigation projects in the world dedicated to agriculture.

The Gezira Scheme utilizes the waters of the **Blue Nile** to irrigate the land, making it suitable for growing cash crops. The scheme's infrastructure, including an extensive network of canals and ditches, supports the broad-scale cultivation of cotton. Similarly, the Manaquil Extension enhanced the irrigation reach, further bolstering cotton agriculture.

**Cotton** is highly suitable for growth in the hot climate of Sudan, especially under irrigation, as it requires a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and water. This makes it an ideal crop for the region, contributing significantly to Sudan's economy through both local use and export. Additionally, cotton plays a crucial role in the livelihood of many farmers in the region, being a major source of income.

Cultivating cotton in **Gezira** and **Manaquil** not only supports the textile industry but also generates employment for thousands of people engaged in farming, processing, and trade.

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The world's busiest shipping routes are found on the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean plays a crucial role in global trade and transportation due to several factors:

• Location: The Atlantic Ocean is strategically located between the continents of North America, Europe, and Africa. This positioning makes it an important corridor for trade between the densely populated and economically developed regions, including the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and parts of Africa.
• Economic Activity: Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean, such as the United States, European countries, and Brazil, are some of the world's largest economies. As such, there is a high volume of goods being exchanged across the Atlantic Ocean, contributing to its status as a busy shipping route.
• Major Ports: The Atlantic Ocean hosts several significant ports like Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, New York, and Shanghai, to name a few. These ports serve as major hubs for commerce, where goods are received, processed, and shipped globally, adding to the traffic on this ocean.
• Historical Significance: Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been a primary route for exploration and trade since the Age of Discovery. This long-standing use has established robust shipping routes that continue to be essential for international trade.

While other oceans like the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also important for global trade, the Atlantic Ocean remains particularly significant due to its connectivity and the economic powerhouses it links. The Antarctic Circle is not a major route due to its harsh environmental conditions and minimal human inhabitation, which reduces commercial sea traffic in that region.

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In the context of settlement types and their sizes, the largest is a megalopolis.

Let me explain this in simple terms:

• **City:** A city is a large and permanent settlement with a significant population and infrastructure. It is larger than a town but smaller than the other types of settlements listed here.
• Agglomeration: This term generally refers to an area where multiple cities or towns are grouped together, sharing infrastructure and services but still remaining as distinct entities. It is more about the process of these settlements growing together.
• Conurbation: A conurbation is a region that consists of a number of cities or towns which have merged together over time through population growth and expansion. They are physically connected but maintain individual identities.


• Megalopolis: A megalopolis is a massive urban region made up of multiple large cities and their surrounding areas, which have expanded to merge into one continuous urban area. It's much larger than a conurbation. One classic example is the Northeastern megalopolis in the USA, which includes cities like Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.

In summary, of all the settlement types listed, a megalopolis is the largest as it comprises multiple, even significant urban areas that have expanded to form a vast, continuous area.

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The development of hydro-electric power in Nigeria is least affected by the availability of suitable sites for dams. While suitable sites are necessary for building dams, other factors such as a regular supply of water and high mountains are more critical for hydro-electric power development.

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The term fossil fuel refers to energy sources that come from the remains of ancient plants and animals, buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. These fuels are primarily composed of carbon and include materials like coal, oil, and natural gas.

Among the options given:

• Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock formed from other rocks like granite or sedimentary rock through heat and pressure. It is not a fossil fuel.
• Granite is an igneous rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface. It is not a fossil fuel.
• Lignite is a type of coal, which is a fossil fuel. It is often referred to as brown coal and is used primarily as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.
• Mica is a group of minerals that can split into thin, tough sheets. It is not a fossil fuel.

Therefore, the correct answer is Lignite because it belongs to the category of fossil fuels. Lignite is formed from the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago, which makes it a source of stored energy that can be burned for heat and power.

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Quartzite, schist, and marble are all examples of metamorphic rocks.

Here's why:

• Metamorphic Rocks: These are rocks that have undergone a transformation due to intense heat and pressure. This process, called metamorphism, alters their original form or mineral composition without melting them.
• Quartzite: This forms from sandstone, a sedimentary rock, that has been exposed to heat and pressure, resulting in a very hard, durable rock.
• Schist: This rock is typically formed from shale, another sedimentary rock, or sometimes from basalt, an igneous rock. It has a shiny appearance due to the presence of mica minerals.
• Marble: This is formed from limestone, a sedimentary rock that undergoes recrystallization under high heat and pressure, resulting in a rock that is often used in sculpture and architecture.

Sedimentary Rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments, while Igneous Rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Volcanic rocks are a subset of igneous rocks that specifically form from lava at the earth's surface. Thus, quartzite, schist, and marble do not fall under these categories.

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The route that is not a sea route is the one involving London, Moscow, and Baghdad.

Here's the explanation:

• The other listed routes such as New York-London-Rotterdam, London-Capetown-Melbourne, and Sydney-Suez-London primarily involve locations that are major port cities or are connected by significant sea passages, allowing ships to travel via water routes.
• On the other hand, Moscow is a landlocked city in Russia, and although it has some rivers, it does not have direct access to the sea. Moreover, the path from London to Moscow to Baghdad mostly travels overland, across Europe and parts of Asia, which are areas not typically traversed by ships in any well-known sea route.

This is why the route from London, Moscow, and Baghdad is not a sea route.

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The **most common mode of transportation in Africa** is **road transportation**. This includes vehicles like cars, buses, and motorcycles that travel on roads and highways. Road transportation is widespread because it is **versatile** and can reach many rural and urban areas that are not accessible by other means of transportation. Roads are often less expensive to build and maintain compared to infrastructure needed for other modes such as railways or airports.

Despite the challenges such as limited road networks and varying road conditions in some regions, **road transportation remains the backbone** of both passenger and freight transport due to its **flexibility** and **accessibility**. In many African countries, it is the most relied upon form of transport connecting people to markets, healthcare facilities, schools, and places of employment.

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Copper is an important raw material in the electrical industry. This is because copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, which means it allows electrical current to flow through it easily with minimal resistance. This property makes copper ideal for use in electrical wiring, motors, transformers, and other electrical components. Additionally, copper is highly durable, resistant to corrosion, and versatile, which further enhances its usefulness in electrical applications. The electrical industry relies heavily on copper to ensure reliable and efficient power transmission.

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The location of a cement factory is primarily influenced by its proximity to the source of raw materials. Cement production involves the use of abundant natural resources such as limestone, clay, and rock, which are crucial ingredients in the manufacturing process. These raw materials are usually heavy and bulky, making transportation costly. Therefore, by situating the cement factory near these resources, transportation costs can be minimized, leading to more efficient and cost-effective production. This proximity also ensures a steady and reliable supply of raw materials, which is essential for uninterrupted production.