JAMB UTME - Geography - 2012

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Basalt is a type of rock that is formed when magma reaches the Earth's surface and cools rapidly. This process, known as extrusion, results in a dense, fine-grained rock that is black or dark in color. Basalt is commonly found in volcanic regions and is one of the most common rock types on the Earth's surface. In simple terms, basalt is a type of rock that is formed from molten magma that has been erupted onto the Earth's surface.

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The coral deposits marked M are called barrier reefs. Barrier reefs are long, narrow reefs that parallel the coast and are separated from the mainland by a lagoon. They are formed by the accumulation and growth of coral and other organisms, and they play an important role in protecting the shoreline from erosion and storm damage. Barrier reefs are often found in tropical waters and are home to a diverse range of marine life. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is one of the largest and most famous barrier reefs in the world, and it is a popular tourist destination and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

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Global warming directly results in melting ice caps and rising sea levels. Global warming refers to the gradual increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, leading to a warming effect on the planet. As the Earth warms, the polar ice caps, which are made up of glaciers and ice sheets, begin to melt, causing a rise in sea levels. This happens because the ice that is melting was previously on land and is now flowing into the oceans. The rise in sea levels can have significant impacts on coastal areas, including flooding and erosion. It can also affect marine life, as changes in sea level can alter ocean currents and temperatures, affecting the habitat and behavior of marine organisms. While global warming may have other indirect impacts, such as changes in weather patterns and ecosystems, it directly results in melting ice caps and rising sea levels, which can have significant and far-reaching consequences for the planet.

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The merging of two or more extensive urban areas results in a conurbation. A conurbation is a region comprising a cluster of adjacent metropolitan areas that have expanded and merged over time to form a continuous urban complex. The areas within a conurbation remain distinct, but they share transportation systems, infrastructure, and other resources. These regions typically contain a large population and are characterized by high levels of economic activity and social integration. Examples of conurbations include the New York metropolitan area in the United States, the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region in Germany, and the Greater Tokyo Area in Japan.

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An ox-bow lake is usually located in a river valley. It is a U-shaped lake that forms when a meandering river erodes its outer banks and forms a new, straighter channel. This leaves behind a crescent-shaped body of water that is separated from the main channel of the river. Ox-bow lakes are typically found in low-lying areas of river valleys, where the river's flow is slow and the sediment load is high. They are formed over time as the river meanders back and forth, eroding the outer banks and depositing sediment on the inside of the bends. Ox-bow lakes are important ecological features, as they provide habitats for a variety of aquatic plants and animals. They are also often used for recreational activities such as fishing, boating, and swimming. While ox-bow lakes can form in other types of landscapes, they are most commonly found in river valleys.

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The texture of the soil depends on the constitution of sand, silt and clay. These are the three main types of soil particles, and their relative proportions determine the texture of the soil. Soils that have a high proportion of sand particles tend to have a coarser texture and good drainage, while soils with a high proportion of clay particles have a fine texture and hold onto moisture. Silt particles are intermediate in size and give the soil a smooth, velvety feel. The combination of these three types of particles creates different textures and affects the soil's ability to retain water, support plant growth, and more.

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Accelerated soil erosion can result from a combination of intensive cultivation and overgrazing. Intensive cultivation refers to farming practices that involve frequent tilling, monoculture cropping, and leaving the soil bare between crops. These practices leave the soil exposed to the elements, making it more susceptible to erosion by wind and water. Overgrazing occurs when livestock consume too much vegetation in a given area, leaving the soil bare and exposed. This makes the soil more vulnerable to erosion by wind and water, which can carry away topsoil and nutrients, leaving behind a less fertile and less productive landscape. When these two factors are combined, the soil is left even more exposed and vulnerable to erosion. Without proper management and conservation practices, accelerated soil erosion can have serious consequences for the environment and for human livelihoods.

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The most densely populated river delta in Africa is the Nile delta. The Nile delta is located in Egypt and is where the Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the most fertile regions in the world and is densely populated because of its rich soil, which allows for agriculture and the growth of food crops. This, in turn, attracts many people to live and work in the area, leading to a high population density.

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Inter-regional trade in Nigeria has mostly been promoted by the fact that different regions produce different commodities. Each region in Nigeria has unique resources, such as agricultural products, minerals, and natural resources. By trading with each other, the regions can exchange their surplus goods and satisfy their needs for other products that are not available in their own regions. For example, the northern region of Nigeria is known for producing grains such as millet and sorghum, while the southern region is known for producing cocoa and palm oil. This creates a mutually beneficial trade relationship between the regions, allowing them to specialize in producing what they are best at and trading for what they need. Improved inter-regional transportation and internal security can also facilitate inter-regional trade, but the main driving force behind it is the unique commodities produced in each region.

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The storm which occurs over the China Sea between latitudes 8θ and 15θ N and S of the equator is a typhoon. A typhoon is a type of tropical cyclone that forms over warm ocean waters and is characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. It is similar to a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean and a cyclone in the Indian Ocean. These storms can cause significant damage to coastal areas and are closely monitored by meteorological agencies to provide timely warnings to people in their path.

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To find the actual distance between two points on a topographical map, we need to use the map scale. The map scale tells us the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground. In this case, the scale of the map is 1:50000, which means that one unit of distance on the map represents 50,000 units of distance on the ground. To find the actual distance between the two points on the ground, we need to multiply the distance on the map by the scale factor: Actual distance = Distance on map x Scale factor In this case, the distance on the map is given as 5m. So, we can substitute this value into the formula: Actual distance = 5m x 50000 = 250000m Therefore, the actual distance between the two points is 250000m or 2.5 kilometers.

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In Nigeria, there are various natural difficulties that can impact agriculture, such as soil degradation, drought, and pests. To overcome these difficulties, a range of techniques can be used. Some of the most effective methods include terracing, which helps to conserve soil and prevent erosion, irrigation, which helps to ensure a steady supply of water to crops, and research, which can lead to the development of new and improved agricultural techniques and technologies. In summary, some of the best ways to overcome natural difficulties in Nigeria's agriculture include terracing, irrigation, and research.

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More than half of the world's trade is between developed and developing countries. Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. Developed countries are those that have advanced economies with high levels of industrialization, while developing countries are those that are still in the process of developing their economies. According to the World Trade Organization, more than half of the world's trade is between developed and developing countries. This is because developed countries often have a higher demand for goods and services than they can produce domestically, while developing countries often have lower production costs and can offer cheaper goods and services. Additionally, trade between developed and developing countries can help to spur economic growth and development in the developing countries, as well as provide access to new markets and opportunities for businesses in developed countries. Therefore, more than half of the world's trade is between developed and developing countries.

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Petroleum is extracted in Nigeria by drilling. This involves drilling deep into the earth's crust to locate and extract crude oil which is then transported to refineries for processing into various products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Drilling for petroleum in Nigeria is typically done on land or offshore in the ocean using drilling rigs, which are large machines designed to drill deep into the earth's surface. Once the oil is extracted, it is transported through pipelines or by tanker trucks to refineries for further processing. Petroleum is not mined or dredged like other natural resources such as metals or minerals.

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The option that is mainly associated with tourism is a holiday resort. A holiday resort is a place that is specifically designed and developed to cater to tourists and provide them with a range of recreational activities and amenities. Holiday resorts are typically located in coastal areas, near natural attractions, or in popular tourist destinations. They often include accommodation such as hotels, villas, and cottages, as well as facilities like restaurants, swimming pools, and sports facilities. The purpose of a holiday resort is to provide visitors with an enjoyable and relaxing vacation experience, and they are a significant part of the global tourism industry. Rural settlements, commercial settlements, and confluence towns may also attract some tourists, but they are not primarily associated with tourism in the way that holiday resorts are.

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The average elevation of the eastern scarp lands of Nigeria is typically around 300m to 400m above sea level. The eastern scarp lands are a series of cliffs and escarpments that run parallel to the coast in southeastern Nigeria and are characterized by steep slopes and deeply dissected terrain. This area is typically elevated compared to the surrounding low-lying coastal plains. In simple terms, the eastern scarp lands of Nigeria are typically found at an average elevation of 300m to 400m above sea level.

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The Lagos area has become the most prominent destination for internal migration because it is highly industrialized and highly urbanized. Lagos is a bustling economic hub with numerous opportunities for employment and business. Many people are attracted to the area in search of better job opportunities and a higher standard of living. Additionally, Lagos has a large population, which provides a sense of community and social connectivity. This combination of economic and social factors makes Lagos an attractive destination for internal migration.

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The largest rift valley system in the world is in East Africa. A rift valley is a lowland area that forms where Earth's tectonic plates are pulling apart, causing a depression or basin to form. The East African Rift System stretches over 3,000 kilometers (1,864 miles) from the Gulf of Aden in the north to Zimbabwe in the south. It passes through countries such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi. The region is known for its stunning landscapes, which include deep valleys, high plateaus, and volcanic peaks. The East African Rift System is also home to many unique and diverse species of plants and animals, making it an important area for conservation. While there are other rift valley systems in the world, the one in East Africa is the largest and most well-known.

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The ratio of registered births to the population of women of child-bearing age is known as the fertility rate. This rate is an important demographic indicator that helps to measure the level of fertility in a population. It is usually expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 women of child-bearing age (usually defined as ages 15-49) in a given year. The fertility rate is influenced by many factors, including cultural, social, economic, and environmental factors. It is an important measure for governments and policy-makers because it can help them to plan for future population growth, to develop healthcare and education policies, and to manage social welfare programs. While there are other rates that are used to measure population health and well-being, such as mortality rate and morbidity rate, the fertility rate is specifically focused on measuring the number of live births in a population.

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Plants that are highly tolerant of drought and can survive in dry habitats are referred to as xerophytes. Xerophytes are plants that have adapted to survive in arid or semi-arid environments where water is scarce. These plants have developed a number of adaptations to reduce water loss and conserve water, such as having thick, waxy leaves, reduced leaf surface area, and deep root systems to access groundwater. Xerophytes are found in a wide range of habitats, from deserts to tundras, and can include cacti, succulents, and many grasses. They are able to survive long periods of drought and extreme temperatures, making them well-suited to their often harsh environments. In contrast, hydrophytes are plants that are adapted to grow in water, mesophytes are plants that grow in moderate moisture environments, and tropophytes are plants that are adapted to grow in a range of temperature and moisture conditions. Therefore, plants that are highly tolerant of drought and can survive in dry habitats are referred to as xerophytes.

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The two major plantation crops in West and East Africa respectively are cocoa and coffee. West Africa is a major producer of cocoa, while East Africa is known for producing high-quality coffee. Cocoa is a major export crop in West Africa, particularly in countries such as Ivory Coast and Ghana. These countries have favorable climate and soil conditions that are suitable for cocoa cultivation, and they have a long history of producing cocoa. On the other hand, coffee is a major export crop in East Africa, particularly in countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya. These countries have high altitude areas that are suitable for coffee cultivation, and they produce some of the best quality coffee in the world. Both cocoa and coffee are important cash crops for the economies of these regions, and they provide employment opportunities for millions of people.

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The major factors that account for the pattern of population distribution in West Africa are physical and economic factors. Physical factors include the availability of water, fertile land, and other natural resources that support human habitation. Economic factors, on the other hand, refer to the availability of jobs, economic opportunities, and infrastructure such as roads, hospitals, and schools. In West Africa, areas with abundant natural resources such as arable land, water, and minerals tend to have higher population densities. Coastal areas with easy access to transportation and communication networks also tend to have higher population densities due to increased economic opportunities. Historical and social factors have also played a role in shaping the population distribution patterns in West Africa. For instance, the legacy of colonialism has led to the concentration of people in urban areas, as these were often the sites of administrative and economic activities. Lastly, social and political factors can also influence population distribution in West Africa. For example, conflict and insecurity can force people to migrate to areas perceived to be safer, while government policies and investments can encourage population growth in certain regions.

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The major terrestrial ecosystems on Earth are often referred to as biomes. A biome is a large, distinctive complex of plant communities and animal species that occupy a particular type of environment. Some examples of biomes include forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra. Each biome has its own unique set of environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and soil type, that determine the types of plants and animals that can live there. In simple terms, the major terrestrial ecosystems on Earth are called biomes and are characterized by the distinctive plant and animal communities that live in specific types of environments.

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Cane chairs, wooden masks, and ornamental brass trays found in Nigeria are products of local crafts. Local crafts refer to handmade items produced by skilled artisans within a particular region or community. These items often have cultural and historical significance and may incorporate traditional designs, techniques, and materials. In Nigeria, there is a rich tradition of local crafts that has been passed down through generations, including woodcarving, basket weaving, pottery, and metalworking. These crafts are often produced for local consumption or for sale in domestic and international markets, and they play an important role in the country's economy and cultural identity. While some products found in Nigeria may be imported from foreign lands, cane chairs, wooden masks, and ornamental brass trays are typically produced by local craftspeople.

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Frozen soils discourage population concentration in an area. This is because frozen soils make it difficult for plants to grow, which in turn limits the availability of food for animals and humans. Additionally, frozen soils can make it difficult to construct buildings and roads, which can further deter people from settling in the area. As a result, areas with frozen soils tend to have lower populations compared to areas with more hospitable soils.

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The Sahel region of Africa is prone to be affected by drought. This semi-arid region, which spans across several African countries, experiences very little rainfall, making it a challenging environment for agriculture and livestock farming. Drought is a common natural disaster in the Sahel region, and it can have serious consequences for the people who live there. When drought occurs, it can lead to crop failures, livestock deaths, and water shortages, which can in turn lead to food insecurity, malnutrition, and even famine. Drought can also exacerbate conflicts over natural resources such as water and land, leading to further instability in the region. Despite the challenges posed by drought, the people of the Sahel have developed a range of coping mechanisms, including pastoralism, rainwater harvesting, and the cultivation of drought-resistant crops. International aid organizations and governments also work to provide assistance to those affected by drought in the Sahel.

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Chain survey is most convenient for measurements on plains. This is because a chain survey involves measuring distances using a chain, which is a long, narrow measuring tape. The process of measuring distances in a chain survey involves placing the chain on the ground, and walking along the length of the chain to measure the distance between two points. On rocky terrain, the use of a chain may be difficult because it can get snagged on rocks or other obstacles, making it hard to get an accurate measurement. Embankments and irregular slopes can also present challenges for using a chain, as it can be difficult to keep the chain level and straight, which can lead to errors in the measurements. On the other hand, plains are relatively flat and even, making it easier to use a chain to measure distances accurately. The flat terrain allows for the chain to be laid out easily, and the even ground makes it easier to walk along the length of the chain without encountering any obstacles that may cause errors in the measurement. Therefore, chain survey is most convenient for measurements on plains.

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An important characteristic of the B-horizon in tropical ferruginous soils is the accumulation of oxides. Ferruginous soils are those that are rich in iron, and they are common in tropical regions with a distinct wet and dry season. In these soils, the B-horizon is the layer of soil that lies immediately below the A-horizon, which is the top layer of soil where most of the organic matter is found. The B-horizon is usually less fertile than the A-horizon, and in tropical ferruginous soils, it is characterized by a high concentration of iron oxides, which gives the soil a reddish-brown color. The accumulation of these oxides in the B-horizon is often the result of leaching or eluviation of oxides from the A-horizon due to heavy rainfall, leaving behind the iron oxides in the B-horizon. This accumulation of oxides in the B-horizon can also affect the soil's pH and nutrient availability.

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The majority of Algeria's oil fields are located in the southeastern region of the country, primarily in the area around Hassi Messaoud. Hassi Messaoud is one of the largest oil fields in Algeria and a significant contributor to the country's oil production. In simple terms, the main oil fields in Algeria are located around Hassi Messaoud in the southeastern region of the country.

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The most significant economic use of ocean water is for transportation. The world's oceans are vast bodies of water that provide a crucial means of transportation for goods and people around the globe. Ships, boats, and other vessels can travel across the ocean to deliver products and resources to different parts of the world. This helps to connect countries and facilitates trade, which is essential for economic growth and development. Additionally, ocean transportation provides many job opportunities for people working in industries such as shipping, fishing, and tourism. While other uses of ocean water, such as drinking, bathing, and recreation, are also important, transportation is the most significant economic use of ocean water.