WAEC SSCE - Islamic Studies - 2022

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The 5th verse of Suratul-Fathia admonishes muslims to worship none except Almighty Allah.

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The word al-Qadr occurs three times in Qur'an chapter 97.

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The capital of the ancient Ghana empire was Awkar.

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According to the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), the greatest form of Jihad is suppressing one's selfish desires. Jihad means to strive or struggle in the way of Allah, and it has many forms. While some people may associate Jihad with military action, the Prophet (S.A.W.) taught that the struggle against one's own desires and temptations is the most significant form of Jihad. The concept of Jihad is often misunderstood as being solely about warfare, but the Prophet (S.A.W.) emphasized the importance of internal struggle against one's own self as a way to please Allah. This struggle requires individuals to control their desires, emotions, and impulses, and to choose what is right over what is easy or tempting. The Prophet (S.A.W.) once said: "The Mujahid (person who engages in Jihad) is the one who strives against his own self for the sake of Allah." This shows that the true meaning of Jihad is not limited to military action, but includes any effort made in the way of Allah. In conclusion, according to the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), the greatest form of Jihad is the struggle against one's own selfish desires. It requires individuals to strive to be better, more compassionate, and more selfless for the sake of Allah.

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The first revelation is contained in Suratul 'Alaq. This Surah is the 96th chapter of the Quran, and it contains 19 verses. The first five verses of Suratul 'Alaq were the first revelation that was sent down to Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) by the Angel Jibril (A.S.) while he was in a cave on Mount Hira. In this Surah, Allah commands Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) to recite in the name of his Lord. The Surah also describes the creation of humans and how they are taught knowledge by Allah. It emphasizes the importance of seeking knowledge and the consequences of rejecting it. Suratul 'Alaq is also known as the Surah of Power because it speaks of the power of Allah and how it is manifested in His creation. The Surah also highlights the importance of prayer and seeking refuge in Allah from evil. In conclusion, the first revelation is contained in Suratul 'Alaq, which is the 96th chapter of the Quran. This Surah contains the first five verses that were revealed to Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) by the Angel Jibril (A.S.) and emphasizes the importance of seeking knowledge and the power of Allah.

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Since Jummah is just two rakahs, the total will be 15 instead of 17.

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A'ishah, the daughter of Abu-Bakr, was born in the year 614 C.E. She was the wife of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) and one of the most prominent female figures in Islamic history. A'ishah was born in Makkah, two years before the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) received his first revelation from Allah. She was raised in a household that was well-known for its piety and devotion to Islam. A'ishah was known for her intelligence, wit, and knowledge of Islamic teachings. She played an important role in transmitting hadiths (sayings and actions of the Prophet) and educating both men and women about Islam. She married Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) when she was only 6 years old and he was 50 years old. However, their marriage was not consummated until she reached the age of 9. A'ishah remained married to the Prophet (S.A.W.) until his death, and she continued to be active in spreading the message of Islam and providing guidance to the Muslim community after his passing. In conclusion, A'ishah, the daughter of Abu-Bakr, was born in the year 614 C.E. She was a prominent figure in Islamic history, known for her intelligence, wit, and knowledge of Islam. She played an important role in transmitting hadiths and educating people about Islam, and was the wife of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) until his death.

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The major teaching of Hadith 5 of an-Nawawi collection focus on innovation.
Hadith 5 On the authority of the mother of the faithful, 'Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her), who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said:
He who innovates something in this matter of ours [Islam] that is not of it will have it rejected [by Allah].

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According to the Hadith of the Prophet (S.A.W.), learning is obligatory for both the male and female Muslims. This means that both men and women are obligated to seek knowledge throughout their lives. This Hadith highlights the importance of education in Islam and emphasizes that seeking knowledge is not limited to a particular gender. It is a fundamental duty of every Muslim to seek knowledge in order to better understand their religion, as well as to acquire skills and knowledge that will benefit themselves and their communities. Therefore, both men and women should have equal opportunities to pursue education and acquire knowledge.

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Fasting on Mondays and Thursdays is on of the fasts that is highly recommended by the Prophet.

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Hafiz is an Arabic word used to identify the one who entirely memorizes and recites the Qur´an, the holy book of Muslims, which is over 600 pages with more than 6,000 verses. The word hafiz is also used for those who memorize the sayings of Prophet Muhammad in certain numbers, but these are rare.

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Monotheism is not a form of shirk according to the Qur'an. Shirk refers to the sin of associating partners with Allah or believing in multiple gods. The Qur'an teaches the belief in the Oneness of Allah (Tawheed) and monotheism is the foundation of Islamic belief. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God without any partners or associates. The other options mentioned are all considered forms of shirk in Islam: atheism denies the existence of Allah, trinity attributes partners to Allah, and polytheism believes in multiple gods.

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Suratul-ad-Duha contains 11 verses

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Quran 1:6 says "Guide us in the straight Path."

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In the science of Hadith, the next Sahih on authenticity after Muttasil is Hasan. Muttasil refers to a Hadith chain that is continuous, with all the narrators in the chain having met and heard from each other. The next level of authenticity is Hasan, which refers to a Hadith that has a good chain of narrators but may have minor defects or weaknesses in the chain or the text. In other words, a Hasan Hadith has a chain of narrators that is reliable and trustworthy but may have minor issues that do not invalidate the Hadith as a whole. These minor issues could include things like a missing narrator or a narrator who is known to make mistakes occasionally. It's important to note that while a Hasan Hadith is considered authentic, it is still not as strong as a Sahih Hadith, which has a chain of narrators that is free from any major defects or weaknesses.

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The answer is Qada. Qada' is not a voluntary fasting but a term that refers to making up missed obligatory fasts in Islam. On the other hand, Ashura and Tasu'a are voluntary fasting days in Islam that are observed on the 9th and 10th of Muharram respectively, while many other voluntary fasts can also be observed by Muslims throughout the year.

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A Muslim is only permitted to marry his late wife's sister.

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Caliph Uthman b. Affan's reign is primarily known for the standardization of the Qur'an. During his reign, he ordered the compilation of a standardized version of the Qur'an, which was based on the original manuscript compiled during the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This standardized version was then distributed throughout the Islamic empire, ensuring that all Muslims read the same version of the holy book. While Uthman did focus on tax collection and administrative fairness, these actions were not as significant as the standardization of the Qur'an. Uthman also played a role in the collection and preservation of Hadith, but this was not the primary focus of his reign. Overall, Uthman b. Affan's reign is primarily remembered for his efforts in standardizing the Qur'an, which has had a profound impact on the Islamic world to this day.

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The Prophet (S.A.W.) grew up among the Banu Hashim. Banu Hashim was one of the clans of the Quraysh tribe, which was based in Mecca. The Prophet (S.A.W.) was born into the Banu Hashim clan, and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle, who were also members of the Banu Hashim clan. The Banu Hashim were known for their leadership and honor in Mecca, and the Prophet (S.A.W.) inherited these qualities from his clan.

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The first king of the Mali Empire to accept Islam was Mansa Musa. The Mali Empire was a powerful empire that existed in West Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. Mansa Musa was one of the most famous rulers of the Mali Empire and was known for his wealth, piety, and support for Islam. Mansa Musa is believed to have been born in 1280 CE and became the ruler of the Mali Empire in 1312 CE. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 CE. His pilgrimage was one of the most significant events in the history of the Mali Empire and helped to spread Islam throughout West Africa. Mansa Musa's conversion to Islam was a significant turning point in the history of the Mali Empire. Under his leadership, Islam became the dominant religion in the empire, and many of the rulers and elites converted to the religion. Mansa Musa's support for Islam also helped to establish the Mali Empire as a center of Islamic scholarship and learning. In conclusion, the first king of the Mali Empire to accept Islam was Mansa Musa. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim and made a significant contribution to the spread of Islam in West Africa. His support for Islam helped to establish the Mali Empire as a center of Islamic scholarship and learning.

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Imam Bukhari died in 870 C.E. while Imam Muslim died in 875 C.E.

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Suratu ad-Dua did not begin with divine commandment to the Prophet. Surah Ad-Duha was revealed to the Prophet(S.A.W.)bto relieve him of these negative feelings and to give him hope, positivity and the assurance that Allah is with him no matter what.

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The Surah which begins with four oaths is at-Tin which is the 95th chapter of the Quran.

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A'ishah played a major role in the transmission of Hadiths. A Hadith is a record of the sayings, actions, and habits of the Prophet Muhammad, which is used to supplement and provide context for the teachings of the Quran. A'ishah was one of the wives of the Prophet Muhammad and was known for her deep knowledge of his sayings and actions. She is considered one of the most important and reliable sources of Hadiths, and her narrations are among the most widely transmitted and studied. A'ishah's role in the transmission of Hadiths was crucial in preserving the oral traditions of the early Islamic community and passing them down to future generations of Muslims.

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Salat al-Istikhara, which translates to prayer of seeking counsel, is a prayer recited by muslims who are in need of guidance from Almighty Allah when facing a decision in their life.

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Without the last verse of Suratud-Duha(Q.93), the remaining verses are 10. Suratud-Duha is the 93rd chapter of the Quran and it has a total of 11 verses. If we remove the last verse of the chapter, which starts with the Arabic word "FaSbir", meaning "So be patient", then we are left with 10 verses. These remaining verses describe Allah's blessings upon Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and reassure him that Allah has not abandoned him. The chapter starts with the oath of the morning brightness, then goes on to mention Allah's blessings upon the Prophet, his upbringing, and the difficulties he faced before prophethood. It then emphasizes that the Hereafter will be better for him than this life. Overall, the chapter serves to comfort and encourage the Prophet during a difficult time in his life.

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Hadith 16

On the authority of Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him): A man came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and said, "Advise me" He [the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "Do not become angry" The man repeated [his request] several times and he [the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "Do not become angry".

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The Prophet Muhammad lost his wife Khadija in the year 619 C.E. after she passed away in Mecca. Khadija was the first wife of Prophet Muhammad and a supportive figure in his life. Her death was a great loss to the Prophet and he mourned her deeply.

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In Quran chapter 95 verse 3, Makkah is referred to as the city of "security." The Arabic word used in the verse is "amin" which means safety, peace, and security. This refers to the fact that Makkah was considered a sacred and secure city even before the advent of Islam. It was a place of pilgrimage for many tribes and was considered a sanctuary where no violence was allowed. This is why the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) chose Makkah as the birthplace of Islam and the site for the Holy Kaaba, which has since become the focal point of Islamic prayer and pilgrimage.

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Permanent exemption from Ramadan fast may be occasioned by old age or chronic illness. If a person is too old or too sick to fast, they are exempted from fasting during Ramadan. Instead, they are required to feed a needy person for each day missed or make up for the missed fasts at a later time when they are able to do so. Breastfeeding, pregnancy, and menstruation are not occasions for permanent exemption from Ramadan fast. Women who are breastfeeding, pregnant, or menstruating are exempted from fasting during Ramadan but they are expected to make up the missed fasts at a later time when they are able to do so.

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The major teaching of Hadith 5 of an-Nawawi collection focus on innovation.
Hadith 5 On the authority of the mother of the faithful, 'Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her), who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said:
He who innovates something in this matter of ours [Islam] that is not of it will have it rejected [by Allah].

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The Qur'an verse that mentions the attainment of Allah's consciousness through fasting is verse number 183 in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:183). In this verse, Allah commands Muslims to fast during the month of Ramadan as a way to attain Taqwa or consciousness of Allah. Fasting during Ramadan involves abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn until sunset. Muslims do this to practice self-discipline, self-control, and to become more conscious of their actions and thoughts. Through fasting, Muslims can learn to control their desires and focus their attention on Allah. It is believed that this act of worship can increase one's Taqwa or consciousness of Allah and lead to a greater sense of spirituality and closeness to Him. Therefore, the verse encourages Muslims to observe the fast during the month of Ramadan, not only as a means of physical purification but also as a way to purify the soul and attain greater awareness of Allah's presence in their lives.

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The period between the advent of Islam in Arabia is referred to as Jahiliyyah because Arabia had no inspired Prophet and revelation. The term "Jahiliyyah" means "the time of ignorance" in Arabic, and it is used to describe the pre-Islamic era in Arabia. During this time, the Arab people had no guidance from a prophet or divine revelation, and they lived in a state of moral and intellectual darkness. They engaged in various forms of idolatry, ignorance, and social vices. With the advent of Islam and the revelation of the Quran to Prophet Muhammad, the Arab people were enlightened and guided towards the path of righteousness and monotheism. The term "Jahiliyyah" serves as a reminder of the ignorance and darkness that existed before the light of Islam illuminated the hearts and minds of the people.

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Quran (93:6) Did He not find you an orphan and then gave you shelter?

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Surah Nasr is one of the short surahs in the Quran that are knoen as Mufassalat. The surah praises Allah for leading numerous people to Islam. This surah is also known as "The Victory" as in the victory of Islam as it refers to the conquest of Mecca where Muslims beat the enemies of Islam.

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Imam an-Nasa'l spent his days in Khurasan a town in Nasa.

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After the Prophet's first revelation, he went to Khadija bint Khuwaylid and said, "Cover me! Cover me!" She covered him till his fear was over and after that he told her everything that had happened.

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Halimah, the wet nurse of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), hailed from the tribe of Banu Sa'ad. This is confirmed by various historical accounts of the life of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) and his early years. When Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) was born, it was a common practice in Arabia for families to send their newborns to live with wet nurses in the desert, where the clean air and simple way of life were believed to be good for the health of the child. Halimah was one such wet nurse who came from the tribe of Banu Sa'ad and took care of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) for a few years before returning him to his parents.

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The last verse of Suratul-Tin says: "Is not Allah the Most Just of judges?"

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Tahajjud prayer is an optional night prayer in Islam. It can be performed after Isha prayer and before Fajr prayer. So the time period for Tahajjud prayer starts after performing Isha prayer and ends before the time for Fajr prayer begins. It is recommended to perform Tahajjud prayer in the last third part of the night, but it can be performed anytime between Isha and Fajr prayer. Therefore, the correct answer is "Isha' and Fajr".

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Qur'an 24:32 is an injunction that enjoins Muslims to marry righteous partners. It emphasizes the importance of finding a spouse who is righteous and pure in character, rather than simply being attracted to their physical appearance or wealth. The verse encourages Muslims to marry someone who will help them build a strong and virtuous family unit, and who will support them in their faith and good deeds. It does not allow or discourage divorce or polygamy, nor does it command Muslims to marry multiple wives.

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As-sanat is not a goddess of the Jaliyah Arab.

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Suratul Ikhlas

Bismillah hir rahman nir raheem
Qul huwal laahu ahad
Allah hus-samad
Lam yalid wa lam yoolad
Wa lam yakul-lahoo kufuwan ahad

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The supererogatory prayer with a single rak'ah is Salatul Witr. This prayer is usually performed after the obligatory night prayer (Isha) and before the break of dawn (Fajr). It is an optional prayer and can be performed at any time of the night. Salatul Witr consists of one rak'ah, which includes recitation of surah Al-Fatihah and any other surah from the Quran, followed by bowing, standing up, prostrating and sitting in a manner similar to other prayers.

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In 620 C.E., Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) went to the city of Ta'if seeking protection and support for his message of Islam. However, the people of Ta'if, instead of welcoming him, rejected and stoned him. The Prophet was severely injured, and his companions had to shield him from the attacks. After this traumatic event, the Prophet was allowed to leave the city and return to Mecca. Therefore, the correct answer is "stoned by the people of Ta'if."

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The phrase "La taghdab" in Hadith 16 means "Do not get angry" in English. This is a simple and straightforward translation of the phrase. The hadith emphasizes the importance of controlling one's temper and avoiding anger as it can lead to negative consequences in one's life and relationships.

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Manzil is not a sub-division of Juz.

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The prostration of recitation(sujud tilawa) is a prostration(sujud) which occurs during the ritual Tilawa of Quran in Salah or outside it.

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The state into which the pilgrim enters before the time of Hajj is called Ihram. Ihram is a sacred state that a Muslim enters into before performing the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimage. It involves wearing a simple two-piece white garment and observing certain restrictions, such as refraining from cutting hair or nails, using perfumes, or engaging in any form of sexual activity. Ihram is a physical and spiritual state that symbolizes the purity and equality of all pilgrims before Allah, and it is meant to promote humility, self-discipline, and a sense of devotion to the faith. Once a pilgrim enters the state of Ihram, they are considered to have begun their journey towards fulfilling one of the five pillars of Islam, the Hajj pilgrimage.

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(a) The complete Hadith 5 of an-Nawawi is: "Man 'ahadatha fi 'amrina hadha ma laysa minhu fa huwa raddun." This means: "Whoever innovates something in this matter of ours (i.e. Islam) that is not from it, will have it rejected."

(b) The English translation of the Hadith is: "Whoever introduces something new in this matter of ours (i.e. Islam) that is not part of it, will have it rejected."

(c) This Hadith emphasizes the importance of following the teachings of Islam and not introducing new innovations or practices that are not part of it. It teaches us to stick to the authentic teachings of the religion and not to make changes or additions based on personal opinions or preferences. The Hadith also warns against bid'ah or innovation, which is considered a deviation from the pure teachings of Islam. Therefore, the lesson from this Hadith is to follow the authentic sources of Islamic knowledge and practice, such as the Qur'an and the Sunnah (the way of the Prophet Muhammad), and to avoid introducing new practices or beliefs that are not in accordance with these sources.

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(a) Here is Suratul Falaq in Arabic:

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ الْفَلَقِ
مِن شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ
وَمِن شَرِّ غَاسِقٍ إِذَا وَقَبَ
وَمِن شَرِّ النَّفَّاثَاتِ فِي الْعُقَدِ
وَمِن شَرِّ حَاسِدٍ إِذَا حَسَدَ

(b) Here is the English translation of Suratul Falaq:

"In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Say, “I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak
From the evil of that which He created
And from the evil of darkness when it settles
And from the evil of the blowers in knots
And from the evil of an envier when he envies.”

(c) Suratul Falaq is a short chapter of the Qur'an that Muslims recite for protection and seeking refuge from the evils of the world. It teaches that there are various types of harm and evil that may befall a person, including those caused by other people's envy or ill intentions, and that seeking refuge in Allah is a means of protection from such harms. The chapter also highlights the power and majesty of Allah as the Creator and Sustainer of the universe, who has power over all things. Overall, the teachings of Suratul Falaq encourage believers to rely on Allah for protection and to trust in His ultimate power and mercy.

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In Islam, Destiny or Qadar refers to the belief that everything that happens in the world is predetermined by Allah. It means that Allah has knowledge of everything that will happen before it actually happens. This belief in predestination does not negate the concept of free will, as Muslims believe that Allah has given humans the ability to make choices and decisions in their lives.

Muslims believe that Allah has knowledge of all things, including the past, present, and future. This knowledge is absolute and complete, and nothing can happen without Allah's permission. However, this does not mean that Allah controls human actions or forces them to do anything against their will. Humans have free will and are responsible for their actions.

Muslims believe that Allah has written everything that will happen in the "Preserved Tablet" (Al-Lawh Al-Mahfooz), which is a record of all events that will occur in the universe until the end of time. Allah's knowledge of what will happen is not limited by time or space, and everything that happens is part of His divine plan.

Therefore, Muslims believe that they should strive to do their best in life and make good choices, but ultimately, the outcome of their efforts is in the hands of Allah. Muslims should trust in Allah's wisdom and accept the events that occur in their lives with patience and gratitude, whether they are good or bad, because everything happens for a reason and is ultimately part of Allah's plan.

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Hadith 1 of an-Nawawi collection states, "Verily, all actions are but driven by intention and for everyone is what he intended." This Hadith highlights the significance of intentions in Islam.

In Islam, it is believed that the intention behind an action is as important as the action itself. This means that performing a good deed with a good intention is more valuable than just performing the deed without any intention or with a bad intention. The Hadith emphasizes this by stating that all actions are driven by intention, meaning that every action we do is a result of our intentions.

Additionally, the Hadith highlights that every person will be rewarded or punished according to their intentions. This means that even if the outward appearance of an action seems good, if the intention behind it is bad, then it will not be rewarded. Conversely, if the outward appearance of an action seems small, but the intention behind it is good, then it will be rewarded greatly.

Therefore, the Hadith stresses the importance of sincerity and purity of intention in all actions. It reminds Muslims to always examine their intentions and ensure that they are doing things for the right reasons, seeking the pleasure of Allah and not for personal gain or recognition.

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Umar b. Khattab was a prominent figure in early Islamic history and the second Caliph after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Before he became a Caliph, Umar b. Khattab was known for his fierce opposition to Islam and the Muslims.

Born in Mecca around 584 CE, Umar b. Khattab belonged to the Banu Adi clan of the Quraysh tribe. He was known for his physical strength, sharp mind, and quick temper. Umar b. Khattab was also known for his business acumen and was successful in trade.

In his early years, Umar b. Khattab was a staunch opponent of Islam and the Muslims. He actively persecuted and harassed the Muslims in Mecca, including the Prophet Muhammad himself. However, in 615 CE, Umar b. Khattab's life took a dramatic turn when he heard that his sister and her husband had converted to Islam.

Outraged, Umar b. Khattab set out to confront them. However, upon hearing the words of the Qur'an, Umar b. Khattab was deeply moved and underwent a profound spiritual transformation. He immediately embraced Islam and became a devoted Muslim.

Umar b. Khattab's conversion to Islam was a significant turning point in the early history of Islam. He quickly became one of the Prophet Muhammad's closest companions and played a vital role in the growth and spread of Islam. He was known for his wisdom, courage, and fierce loyalty to the Prophet Muhammad.

In conclusion, Umar b. Khattab was a prominent figure in early Islamic history and the second Caliph after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Before he became a Caliph, he was known for his fierce opposition to Islam and the Muslims. However, his conversion to Islam was a significant turning point in his life, and he became a devoted Muslim and played a vital role in the growth and spread of Islam.

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Salatul-Subh, also known as Fajr prayer, is one of the five daily prayers performed by Muslims. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to perform Salatul-Subh:

1. Make the intention (Niyyah) to perform the Fajr prayer.
2. Stand facing the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, known as the Qibla.
3. Raise your hands up to your ears while saying Allahu Akbar (meaning Allah is the Greatest), to start the prayer.
4. Recite the opening chapter of the Qur'an, Al-Fatiha, silently.
5. Recite another chapter from the Qur'an, or a few verses, silently.
6. Bow down and place your hands on your knees, saying Subhana Rabbiyal Adheem (meaning Glory be to my Lord, the Most Great) three times.
7. Stand up straight and say Sami Allahu liman hamidah (meaning Allah hears those who praise Him), then say Rabbana wa lakal-hamd (meaning Our Lord, all praise is Yours).
8. Prostrate by placing your forehead, nose, palms, knees, and toes on the ground, saying Subhana Rabbiyal A'la (meaning Glory be to my Lord, the Most High) three times.
9. Sit up straight, with your legs folded underneath you, and say Allahu Akbar, then repeat steps 4-8.
10. Sit up straight and recite the Tashahhud, which is a declaration of faith and praise of Allah. This includes reciting the first part of the Shahada, which is the declaration of faith in Islam.
11. End the prayer by turning your face to the right and saying Assalamu alaikum wa Rahmatullah (meaning Peace and mercy of Allah be upon you) and then turning your face to the left and repeating the same phrase.

That completes the Salatul-Subh, and it's recommended to make a supplication (Dua) afterwards. It's important to note that this is a general guide, and the prayer can vary slightly based on different schools of thought and personal preferences.