JAMB UTME - Literature In English - 2003

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In Oliver Goldsmith's play "She Stoops to Conquer", the success of the play as a comedy relies on the author's use of "dramatic irony". Dramatic irony is a literary technique in which the audience knows more about a situation or character's true intentions than the characters do themselves. In the play, the audience is aware of the characters' mistaken identities and misunderstandings, while the characters themselves are unaware. This creates comedic situations and misunderstandings that form the basis of the play's humor.

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Boxer is respected for his hard work. He is a strong horse who is willing to work tirelessly for the betterment of the farm and the other animals. Despite his limited intelligence, he is loyal, dedicated, and always willing to do his best. His famous motto "I will work harder" reflects his determination and dedication to the cause of animal freedom.

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The rhyme scheme typical of the English sonnet is "abab cdcd efef gg". This means that the first and third lines of each quatrain rhyme, as do the second and fourth lines. The final couplet has a separate rhyme. This rhyme scheme is also known as the Shakespearean sonnet, named after William Shakespeare who popularized it in his sonnets.

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The theatrical arrangement known as 'Theatre-in-the-round' is a staging arrangement where the audience surrounds the stage on all sides, forming a circle or a square. This arrangement is used to achieve a close rapport between the actors and the audience, creating a more intimate and immersive theatrical experience. In this setup, the actors are often able to interact with the audience and move around freely, creating a sense of closeness and involvement. The close proximity also allows the audience to observe the actors from various angles and perspectives, providing a more comprehensive and engaging view of the performance. Therefore, the correct answer is 'close rapport between players and spectators'.

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The arrangement of David Diop's 'Loser of Everything' in two stanzas reflects his use of contrast. In the first stanza, the speaker describes the physical and emotional state of the protagonist, highlighting his despair and hopelessness. The second stanza, however, presents a sharp contrast to the first, with the protagonist summoning the strength to rise up and continue the struggle for freedom. The contrast between the two stanzas emphasizes the theme of perseverance and hope in the face of adversity, and highlights the resilience of the African spirit.

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The suggestion that runs through the short poem is that of anticipation of positive change. The poet uses phrases like "gloom will give way to light," "thorny path cleared of pain," and "strangled opportunities reborn" to convey the idea that there is hope for a better future. The overall tone of the poem is optimistic, implying that things will get better despite the challenges faced in the present.

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The form of poetry that celebrates with nostalgia the ideal world of the countryside is referred to as a pastoral. It typically presents an idealized view of rural life, often with shepherds or other rural folk as the main characters. The focus is on the beauty of nature, simplicity, and the joys of country living. The pastoral form is often contrasted with urban life, which is seen as corrupt and immoral.

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The theme of the poem "Give Me The Minstrel's Seat" revolves around companionship. The speaker expresses their desire to be in the company of a minstrel, who can sing and play music to soothe their soul. The poem emphasizes the importance of human connections and the need for people to have companions who can provide comfort and support during difficult times. The speaker longs for the minstrel's seat not for wealth, fame, or personal gain, but rather for the joy and solace that come from being in the company of someone who understands and can offer emotional support.

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Akọwa Nkọwa

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The people being ridiculed in this statement are husbands. The quote is from J.P. Clark's The Wives' Revolt, a play that explores the idea of gender roles and the mistreatment of women in traditional African societies. In this particular line, the speaker is highlighting the irony of husbands who are eloquent and powerful public speakers but are unable to communicate effectively with their own wives at home, leaving the task to the "poor nannies."

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The language used in S.I. Osammor's The Triumph of the Water Lily is subjective and descriptive, often using poetic imagery to convey the beauty of the natural surroundings and the emotions of the characters. It is also highly educational, as it portrays the culture and customs of the Igbo people of Nigeria. Therefore, the answer is "educative".

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Akọwa Nkọwa

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In George Orwell's "Animal Farm," 'animalism' refers to a political philosophy created by the animals that emphasizes equality and collective ownership of the means of production. The animals on the farm are fed up with being mistreated by their human owner and form a rebellion to create their own society based on the principles of animalism, which promotes the idea that all animals are equal and should share in the rewards of their labor. Therefore, the correct answer is 'equality.'

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The persona in the poem appears happy to have died a noble death. This can be inferred from the line "I bless Good for a noble departure" which suggests that the persona believes that they have departed from this world in a good and honourable way. The poem also suggests that the persona is at peace with their death, as they do not blame anyone for it, and they believe that the Lord has taken them away before evil days. Therefore, the persona appears to have accepted their death as a natural part of life and is content with the way in which they have departed.

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The predominant device in Launko's "End of war" is paradox. The poem presents contradictory ideas such as "It was our dream the war would end", yet "We did not want the war to end". The paradoxical nature of the poem reflects the complex emotions and thoughts that arise from war and its aftermath. A paradox is a literary device that uses contradictory statements or situations to create a deeper meaning or insight.

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The character to whom the words are spoken in the play is in the direction of the kitchen, offstage.

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In literary convention, 'aside' is used to make a pointed remark. An aside is a technique used in drama where a character speaks to the audience or another character, but the other characters on stage are not supposed to hear what is being said. The purpose of an aside is to give the audience insight into a character's thoughts or motives, or to provide commentary on the action of the play. The aside is typically spoken in a lower voice or whispered, and it is often accompanied by a physical gesture or movement to indicate that it is not intended for the other characters to hear.

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The lines above from Mohan Singh's 'A village girl' suggest the girl's difficult in walking. The comparison of her footprints to a prisoner's chain implies that she may be walking with difficulty or struggle, perhaps due to physical or social constraints.

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Allegory is used to describe a work in which abstract ideas are personified. In an allegory, characters and events represent abstract concepts and ideas in order to convey a moral or political message. This is often done through the use of symbolism, where a physical object or character represents a larger idea or concept. For example, in George Orwell's Animal Farm, the animals represent different groups of people and political ideologies, and their actions and interactions represent the real-world political struggles and power dynamics between those groups.

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The dominant technique used in the book "Animal Farm" by George Orwell is symbolism. The animals and events in the story are symbolic of real-life people and historical events. For example, the pigs represent the Soviet Union's communist leadership, while the character of Napoleon symbolizes Joseph Stalin. The use of animals to represent humans allows for a powerful critique of politics and power, and the events that unfold in the book serve as a commentary on the Russian Revolution and

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Tom is happy and warm because he is doing his duty, which is working with his bags and brushes despite the cold morning. The speaker suggests that if everyone does their duty, they need not fear harm, implying that Tom's warmth is not just physical but also a result of fulfilling his responsibilities. Therefore, the correct answer is that Tom is warm because he is doing his duty.

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The passage above reveals that Jibunoh symbolizes lawlessness. Jibunoh is portrayed as a difficult man who has no regard for decency or normal conduct. He violates the rights of others, steals, and has ten cases instituted against him. The fact that he is deserted by his relations and has no friends who love peace or order shows that he is not only lawless but also a societal outcast. Therefore, Jibunoh's character symbolizes lawlessness, which is the disregard for the law or societal norms.

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The mood in the last two lines of the poem is lament. The speaker is questioning the purpose of the sun's effort to awaken the earth from its sleep and bring forth life, especially when it leads to death and destruction on the battlefield. The use of the word "fatuous" suggests a sense of futility or pointlessness, and the overall tone of the poem is one of sadness and mourning for the loss of life.

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Farce thrives on absurdity. Farce is a type of comedy that uses exaggerated situations, physical humor, and absurdity to create laughter. It typically involves improbable and ridiculous situations and characters who behave in an irrational and chaotic way. In other words, farce is all about exaggerating the absurdity of a situation to make it funny.

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The author of a novel sustains readers' interest through the use of suspense. Suspense is a literary technique that keeps the reader uncertain about the outcome of events, which creates an emotional tension that makes the reader want to continue reading to find out what happens. Suspense is often achieved through the use of foreshadowing, cliffhangers, and plot twists, among other techniques. By keeping readers on edge and engaged with the story, the author can sustain their interest and keep them reading until the end.

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The tone of the poem is serious. The poem describes the death of virtuous men and the reactions of their friends, creating a solemn and mournful atmosphere. The language used in the poem is also somber, which contributes to the serious tone.

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