Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) - 0654 CIE

Selection

Bayani Gaba-gaba

Why do bacteria stop responding to antibiotics? Why do farm animals and crops look so different from their wild ancestors? The answer to both is selection: in nature the environment does the choosing, while in farming humans do. The same basic mechanism, some individuals leaving more offspring than others, drives both.

In this lesson you will describe natural selection step by step, describe and apply selective breeding to crops and livestock, and (for Extended) define adaptation, explain antibiotic resistance as natural selection in action, and contrast natural with artificial selection.

Manufura

Describe natural selection with reference to: (a) genetic variation within populations (b) production of many offspring (c) s truggle for survival, including competition for resources (d) a greater chance of reproduction by individuals that are better adapted to the environment than others (e) these individuals pass on their alleles to the next generation
Describe selective breeding with reference to: (a) selection by humans of individuals with desirable features (b) crossing these individuals to produce the next generation (c) selection of offspring showing the desirable features
Outline how selective breeding by artificial selection is carried out over many generations to improve crop plants and domesticated animals and apply this to given contexts
[Supplement] Describe adaptation as the process, resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations
[Supplement] Describe the development of strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria as an example of natural selection
[Supplement] Outline the differences between natural and artificial selection

Takardar Darasi

Selection explains evolution, the rise of antibiotic-resistant 'superbugs', and how we get high-yielding crops and productive livestock. It is one of the most heavily examined ideas in biology, and questions reward a clear, ordered chain of reasoning rather than vague phrases like 'survival of the fittest'.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan Selection. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

In natural selection, the individuals most likely to pass on their alleles are those that are: A. the largest B. best adapted to their environment C. born first D. selected by humans Answer: B
Selective breeding is best described as selection carried out by: A. the environment B. humans C. predators D. chance alone Answer: B
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria first arises by: A. the antibiotic teaching the bacteria B. a chance mutation C. bacteria choosing to resist D. selective breeding Answer: B
Which is a disadvantage of selective breeding over many generations? A. it increases variation B. it reduces genetic variation C. it is very fast D. it removes humans from the process Answer: B
A key difference between natural and artificial selection is that artificial selection is carried out by: A. the environment B. humans C. mutation D. predators Answer: B