Sciences - Co-ordinated (9-1) - 0973 CIE

Fuels

Bayani Gaba-gaba

The petrol in a car, the kerosene in a jet, the bitumen under a road and the gas on a stove all start as the same black, sticky liquid pumped from underground. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and turning it into these very different useful products is one of the great industrial achievements of chemistry.

In this lesson you will learn what the fossil fuels are, why methane is the main part of natural gas, and how petroleum is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. You will follow how boiling point, chain length, volatility and viscosity change up the fractionating column, and learn the main use of each fraction.

Manufura

Name the fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum.
Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas.
State that hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.
State that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Describe the separation of petroleum into useful fractions by fractional distillation.
Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to: (a) decreasing chain length (b) higher volatility (c) lower boiling points (d) lower viscosity.
Name the uses of the fractions as: (a) refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking (b) gasoline / petrol fraction for fuel used in cars (c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock (d) kerosene / paraffin fraction for jet fuel (e) diesel oil / gas oil fraction for fuel used in diesel engines (f) fuel oil fraction for fuel used in ships and home heating systems (g) lubricating oil fraction for lubricants, waxes and polishes (h) bitumen fraction for making roads.

Takardar Darasi

Almost everything that moves, from cars and lorries to ships and aeroplanes, runs on a fraction of petroleum, and petroleum also supplies the raw materials for plastics and many chemicals. Knowing how a single crude mixture is split into these products, and why each fraction suits its job, is essential chemistry and a regular exam topic.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan Fuels. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

What is the main constituent of natural gas? A. Ethane B. Methane C. Propane D. Hydrogen Answer: B
Petroleum is best described as: A. a compound of carbon B. a single hydrocarbon C. a mixture of hydrocarbons D. an element Answer: C
Going up the fractionating column, the boiling point of the fractions: A. increases B. decreases C. stays the same D. first rises then falls Answer: B
Which fraction is used as jet fuel? A. Bitumen B. Petrol C. Kerosene D. Refinery gas Answer: C
Which fraction is used for making roads? A. Naphtha B. Bitumen C. Diesel oil D. Lubricating oil Answer: B