History - 4HI1 PearsonEdexcel

The Changing Nature Of Warfare And International Conflict, 1919-2011

Bayani Gaba-gaba

In 1919 an army's decisive weapon was artillery and its decisive problem was how to cross a few hundred metres of open ground. By 2011 a single operator sitting on another continent could watch a building for hours and destroy it with a missile fired from an aircraft with nobody aboard. Between those two points lie tanks, carriers, radar, atomic weapons, guerrilla armies that defeated superpowers, and terrorism that turned airliners into weapons.

The examiner is not asking for a catalogue of hardware. The questions are about what changed and what did not: whether technology or ideas drove the change, why the most advanced armies repeatedly lost to the least advanced, and how the line between soldier and civilian was steadily erased. That last question is also a moral one, and the exam rewards a student who engages with it seriously rather than avoiding it.

Manufura

  1. The changing nature of warfare, 1919-39: changes including gas, tanks and heavy artillery, submarines and military aircraft, guerrilla tactics in the Spanish Civil War
  2. Changing methods of warfare by land, air and sea, 1939-45: Blitzkrieg, the Battle of Britain, V weapons, U-boat warfare, amphibious operations, civilian resistance movements, aircraft carriers in the Pacific War
  3. New forms of conflict - nuclear and guerrilla war versus conventional war, 1945-75: the atom bombs, the nuclear arms race, weapons of mass destruction, MAD theory, arms limitation talks, conventional warfare in Arab-Israeli conflicts, guerrilla warfare in Vietnam
  4. Conventional war and the development of new wars, 1976-2000: the first Gulf War, the Falklands War, nuclear submarines, guerrilla warfare in Afghanistan, Star Wars and the end of the nuclear arms race
  5. Changing methods of warfare at the beginning of the 21st century, 2000-2011: the impact of terrorism and 9/11, high-tech warfare, surgical air strikes, drone wars

Takardar Darasi

Follow four threads and the period organises itself. Mobility: warfare moves from the static trench line of 1918 to mechanised breakthrough, then to helicopter and air mobility, then to force projected from thousands of kilometres away. Reach: the distance at which a state can kill grows from artillery range to intercontinental. The civilian: non-combatants move from the edge of war to its centre, first as targets of bombing and then as the population among whom guerrilla and counter-insurgency wars are fought. Asymmetry: the gap between the strongest and weakest combatants widens enormously, and yet the weaker side wins more often after 1945 than before it.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan The Changing Nature Of Warfare And International Conflict, 1919-2011. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

  1. Which agreement of 1925 prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons in war? A) The Geneva Protocol B) The Treaty of Versailles C) The Locarno Treaties D) The Kellogg-Briand Pact Answer: A
  2. What made the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942 unusual? A) It was fought entirely by submarines B) The opposing surface fleets never sighted each other and fought only with aircraft C) It was the first use of nuclear weapons at sea D) No aircraft were involved Answer: B
  3. The doctrine of mutually assured destruction holds that: A) Nuclear weapons should be used first in any conflict B) Neither side can gain from attacking, because each can destroy the other after absorbing a first strike C) Nuclear weapons should be shared among all states D) Conventional forces are no longer necessary Answer: B
  4. Which conflict is the clearest example of a superpower being defeated by guerrilla forces between 1979 and 1989? A) The Falklands War B) The first Gulf War C) The Soviet war in Afghanistan D) The Korean War Answer: C
  5. Which weapon system was first used in large numbers during the first Gulf War of 1990 and 1991? A) The V2 rocket B) The Tomahawk cruise missile C) The aircraft carrier D) Poison gas Answer: B

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Cikakkiyar bayanan darasi tare da zane-zane
Mataimakiyar koyo da AI
Yi karatu ba tare da intanet ba, a kowane lokaci, a ko'ina
Akwai a Android, Windows, macOS, da Linux

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