What Attempts Have Been Made To Reduce Social Inequalities?
Bayani Gaba-gaba
If inequality is built into the way society is layered, can anything be done about it? Governments around the world certainly think so. They tax the rich more heavily, pay benefits to the poor, set a floor under wages, pass laws against discrimination and open schools and clinics to everyone. Some go further and float the idea of a basic income paid to every citizen. This lesson is about that great effort to soften, and sometimes to shrink, the gap between rich and poor.
You will first learn to define poverty itself, the difference between absolute poverty that threatens survival and relative poverty measured against the normal life of your own society, and meet Townsend's idea of relative deprivation. You will then work through the main tools governments use to reduce inequality, from progressive taxation and welfare benefits to free education and healthcare, and learn to weigh how well each one really works. By the end you will be ready to argue both sides of whether the state can make society fairer.
Manufura
- Progressive taxation.
- The redistribution of wealth through benefits.
- A minimum wage.
- Equal opportunities laws.
- Other government measures.
- Free and/or universal education.
- Unemployment benefits.
- Pensions.
- Low-cost housing.
- Free healthcare.
- Universal basic income.
- Reducing poverty.
- Providing medical assistance.
- Promoting business.
- Improving education.
Takardar Darasi
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- Lacking the minimum resources, such as food, water and shelter, needed to survive is called: A. relative poverty B. absolute poverty C. relative deprivation D. the poverty line Answer: B
- A tax system in which higher earners pay a larger proportion of their income is described as: A. regressive B. flat C. progressive D. indirect Answer: C
- Which sociologist defined poverty as relative deprivation in a 1979 study of the United Kingdom? A. Oscar Lewis B. Peter Townsend C. Karl Marx D. Max Weber Answer: B
- A regular sum paid to every citizen regardless of work or wealth is known as: A. a minimum wage B. a pension C. universal basic income D. unemployment benefit Answer: C
- Which measure is mainly intended to open up opportunity rather than transfer cash? A. unemployment benefit B. a state pension C. free universal education D. child benefit Answer: C
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