Chemistry - 4CH1 PearsonEdexcel

Crude Oil

Bayani Gaba-gaba

Crude oil is one of the most important raw materials on the planet. It fuels transport, heats homes, and provides the starting molecules for plastics, medicines, and synthetic fabrics. Yet straight out of the ground it is little more than a thick, dark, foul-smelling liquid. The value lies in separating it into useful parts.

In this lesson you will learn how fractional distillation splits crude oil into fractions, what each fraction is used for, and how cracking converts surplus heavy molecules into the lighter ones industry demands. You will also explore why burning hydrocarbons is a double-edged sword: essential for energy, yet a major source of atmospheric pollution.

Manufura

know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen references to haemoglobin are not required
know that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain
describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600-700 ºC)
explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions

Takardar Darasi

Every litre of petrol you see at a filling station began as crude oil buried deep underground. That oil is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons, each with different chain lengths and boiling points. Refining separates this mixture into groups of molecules that are actually useful, and cracking reshapes the ones we have too much of into the ones we need most. Understanding this chain of processes is central to Edexcel's organic chemistry unit.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan Crude Oil. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

Crude oil is a mixture of: A) Elements B) Hydrocarbons C) Metal oxides D) Noble gases Answer: B
In fractional distillation, which fraction is collected nearest the top of the column? A) Bitumen B) Diesel C) Refinery gases D) Fuel oil Answer: C
Which gas produced by incomplete combustion is toxic and odourless? A) Carbon dioxide B) Sulfur dioxide C) Carbon monoxide D) Nitrogen dioxide Answer: C
What type of catalyst is used in catalytic cracking? A) Iron B) Platinum C) Silica or alumina D) Manganese dioxide Answer: C
As the chain length of hydrocarbons in crude oil increases, the boiling point: A) Decreases B) Stays the same C) Increases D) Fluctuates Answer: C