Sciences - Co-ordinated (9-1) - 0973 CIE

Enzymes

Bayani Gaba-gaba

Inside every cell, thousands of chemical reactions must happen fast enough to keep you alive, yet at a gentle 37 degrees Celsius. The molecules that make this possible are enzymes: biological catalysts that speed reactions up enormously without being used up. One enzyme, catalase, can break down 40000 molecules every second.

In this lesson you will learn what enzymes are, how their active site fits a specific substrate like a lock and key, and how temperature and pH change their activity, including the irreversible damage of denaturation. At Extended level you will explain these effects in terms of shape, fit and collisions.

Manufura

Describe a catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
Describe enzymes as proteins that are involved in all metabolic reactions, where they function as biological catalysts
Describe why enzymes are important in all living organisms in terms of a reaction rate necessary to sustain life
Describe enzyme action with reference to the shape of the active site of an enzyme being complementary to its substrate and the formation of products
Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity with reference to optimum temperature and denaturation
[Supplement] Explain enzyme action with reference to: active site, enzyme-substrate complex, substrate and product
[Supplement] Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the complementary shape and fit of the active site with the substrate
[Supplement] Explain the effect of changes in temperature on enzyme activity in terms of kinetic energy, shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions and denaturation
[Supplement] Explain the effect of changes in pH on enzyme activity in terms of shape and fit and denaturation

Takardar Darasi

Enzymes control every metabolic reaction, so they connect digestion, respiration, photosynthesis and more. Examiners reliably ask you to describe enzyme action with the lock-and-key idea and to explain the temperature and pH graphs, including denaturation. This is one of the highest-value topics in the whole course.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan Enzymes. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

An enzyme is best described as a: A. carbohydrate catalyst B. protein that acts as a biological catalyst C. fat that speeds reactions D. mineral ion Answer: B
The part of an enzyme that binds the substrate is the: A. cell wall B. active site C. ribosome D. nucleus Answer: B
Above its optimum temperature an enzyme is: A. activated B. denatured C. dissolved D. used up Answer: B
An enzyme acts on only one type of substrate because: A. it is used up B. its active site has a complementary shape to that substrate C. it raises the temperature D. it is an acid Answer: B
Which statement about a catalyst is correct? A. it is used up in the reaction B. it slows reactions down C. it is not changed by the reaction D. it only works once Answer: C