History - 4HI1 PearsonEdexcel

China: Conflict, Crisis And Change, 1900-89

Bayani Gaba-gaba

China entered the twentieth century ruled by a dynasty that had lasted more than 250 years and was about to be swept away in six weeks. It ended the period this study covers as a nuclear-armed state opening special economic zones to foreign capital, and it passed through warlordism, foreign invasion, civil war, the largest famine in recorded history and a decade of political violence to get there.

Because this is a breadth study, the marks lie in the pattern rather than the narrative. Which moments were genuine turning points, and which only look like turning points from a distance? Why did a revolution built on the peasantry then impose policies that killed peasants in enormous numbers? And how far did anything fundamental about how China was governed change between 1949 and 1989?

Manufura

  1. The fall of the Qing, Warlordism and chaos, 1900-34: the Boxer Uprising, late Qing reforms, the 1911 Revolution, the Warlords, the May Fourth Movement, Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese Communist Party, the United Front, the Northern Expedition, the Shanghai Massacres
  2. The triumph of Mao and the CCP, 1934-49: the Long March, the war with Japan, the role of the CCP, the Civil War, reasons for the success of Mao
  3. Change under Mao, 1949-63: changes in agriculture and industry, the first Five-year Plan, changes in the role of women, Thought Reform, the Hundred Flowers Campaign, the Great Leap Forward, the influence of the Soviet Union
  4. The Cultural Revolution and its impact, 1965-76: Mao's motives, the Red Guards, education and the cult of Mao, the impact of the Cultural Revolution, the Sino-Soviet split
  5. China, 1976-89: the Gang of Four, changes under Deng in education, birth control, agriculture and industry, privatisation and westernisation, the Democracy Wall movement, Tiananmen Square

Takardar Darasi

Three questions recur across the whole period. Who has the right to rule, and on what basis: the mandate of a dynasty, a republican constitution, a party claiming to speak for the workers and peasants? How should China relate to foreign powers that had humiliated it? And how should a vast, mostly rural society be modernised, from above by the state or from below by the market? Every regime in this period, Qing, Nationalist and Communist, answered those three questions differently, and every one of them was eventually judged on the third.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan China: Conflict, Crisis And Change, 1900-89. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

  1. Which reform of 1905 removed the traditional route into the Qing civil service? A) The creation of provincial assemblies B) The abolition of the imperial examination system C) The founding of a modern army D) The Boxer Protocol Answer: B
  2. In which year was the Chinese Communist Party founded? A) 1911 B) 1919 C) 1921 D) 1927 Answer: C
  3. What happened at the Zunyi Conference in January 1935? A) The Nationalists and Communists formed the Second United Front B) Mao secured a dominant position in the Communist leadership C) The People's Republic was proclaimed D) The Gang of Four were arrested Answer: B
  4. The Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1956 and 1957 was followed by: A) The First Five-Year Plan B) The Anti-Rightist Campaign, in which many critics were punished C) The founding of special economic zones D) The Long March Answer: B
  5. Which of these was a feature of Deng Xiaoping's reforms after 1978? A) The creation of people's communes B) The household responsibility system in agriculture C) The closure of universities D) The launch of the Cultural Revolution Answer: B

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