Science Double Award - 4SD0 PearsonEdexcel

Crude Oil

Bayani Gaba-gaba

Crude oil is one of the most valuable natural resources on Earth. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that, once separated, provides fuels for transport, raw materials for plastics, and feedstock for the entire petrochemical industry.

In this lesson you will learn how fractional distillation separates crude oil into useful fractions, what those fractions are used for, how hydrocarbons burn in complete and incomplete combustion, why combustion products cause pollution, and how cracking converts less useful long-chain molecules into shorter, more valuable ones.

Manufura

Know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
Know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil
Know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
Know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
Know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
Understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen
Know that in car engines the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
Explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
Understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain
Describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking
Explain why cracking is necessary in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions

Takardar Darasi

Nearly every vehicle on the road, every plastic bottle in your hand and every synthetic fibre in your clothing traces back to one raw material: crude oil. But crude oil straight from the ground is a thick, dark mixture with little direct use. The value lies in separating it into fractions, each with its own set of properties and applications.

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Nazarin Darasi

Barka da kammala darasi akan Crude Oil. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.

Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.

Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.

Crude oil is a mixture of: A) Elements B) Hydrocarbons C) Metals D) Salts Answer: B
In a fractionating column, which fraction is collected at the top? A) Bitumen B) Diesel C) Refinery gases D) Fuel oil Answer: C
What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon? A) Carbon monoxide and water B) Carbon dioxide and water C) Carbon and water D) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen Answer: B
Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it: A) Is acidic B) Smells toxic C) Binds to haemoglobin and prevents oxygen transport D) Reacts with water to form acid Answer: C
Cracking is needed because: A) Short-chain hydrocarbons are in lower demand B) Long-chain fractions are in higher demand C) The supply of lighter fractions does not meet the demand D) All fractions have equal demand Answer: C