Covalent Bonding
Bayani Gaba-gaba
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, plastics, diamond - all of these substances are held together by covalent bonds, yet their physical properties could not be more different. The key lies in whether the covalent bonds build small, individual molecules or extend into giant lattices that stretch in every direction.
This lesson explains how atoms share electron pairs to form covalent bonds, how to draw dot-and-cross diagrams for a range of molecules, and why simple molecular substances have low melting points while giant covalent structures like diamond are among the hardest materials on Earth. You will also explore graphite and C60 fullerene and learn to link structure to properties.
Manufura
- know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the sharing of a pair of electrons
- understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions
- understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonds in:
- • diatomic molecules, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens and hydrogen halides - inorganic molecules including water, ammonia and carbon dioxide - organic molecules containing up to two carbon atoms, including methane, ethane, ethene and those containing halogen atoms. explain why substances with a simple molecular structures are gases or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points the term intermolecular forces of attraction can be used to represent all forces between molecules
- explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple molecular structures increase, in general, with increasing relative molecular mass
- explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with high melting and boiling points
- explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene influence their physical properties, including electrical conductivity and hardness
- know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity
Taswirar tunani
An zana wannan batu don ka ga yadda ra'ayoyi ke hadewa.
Bude taswirar tunani a cikin manhaja
Katunan tunawa
Gwaji mai sauri kan abin da ake jarraba a wannan batu.
Yi atisayen wadannan katuna a cikin manhaja
Takardar Darasi
Cikakken Bayanin Darasi Yana Kan Manhajar Green Bridge
Sami manhajar Green Bridge CBT a wayarka ko kwamfutarka domin cikakken laburaren IGCSE: takardun jarrabawar baya, tsarin kimantawa, taswirar tunani, katunan karatu da darussan sauti.
Nazarin Darasi
Barka da kammala darasi akan Covalent Bonding. Yanzu da kuka bincika mahimman raayoyi da raayoyi, lokaci yayi da zaku gwada ilimin ku. Wannan sashe yana ba da ayyuka iri-iri Tambayoyin da aka tsara don ƙarfafa fahimtar ku da kuma taimaka muku auna fahimtar ku game da kayan.
Za ka gamu da haɗe-haɗen nau'ikan tambayoyi, ciki har da tambayoyin zaɓi da yawa, tambayoyin gajeren amsa, da tambayoyin rubutu. Kowace tambaya an ƙirƙira ta da kyau don auna fannoni daban-daban na iliminka da ƙwarewar tunani mai zurfi.
Yi wannan ɓangaren na kimantawa a matsayin wata dama don ƙarfafa fahimtarka kan batun kuma don gano duk wani yanki da kake buƙatar ƙarin karatu. Kada ka yanke ƙauna da duk wani ƙalubale da ka fuskanta; maimakon haka, ka kallesu a matsayin damar haɓaka da ingantawa.
- How many bonding pairs of electrons are in a molecule of water, H2O? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B
- Which of these substances has a giant covalent structure? A) Carbon dioxide B) Water C) Diamond D) Sodium chloride Answer: C
- Why does graphite conduct electricity? A) It contains ions that are free to move B) It contains delocalised electrons that can move along the layers C) It has a low melting point D) Its covalent bonds carry charge Answer: B
- Simple molecular substances have low boiling points because: A) Their covalent bonds are weak B) Their intermolecular forces are weak C) They contain ions D) They have giant structures Answer: B
- How many carbon atoms are in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene? A) 12 B) 24 C) 60 D) 120 Answer: C
Yi aikin wadannan tambayoyi a cikin manhaja
Yi aikin wadannan tambayoyi a cikin manhaja
Littattafan da ake ba da shawarar karantawa
Ƙarin koyo daga tushe na buɗe
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Sashen littafi
Lewis Symbols and Structures
Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions
"Chemistry: Lewis Symbols and Structures" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/7-3-lewis-symbols-and-structures. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Sashen littafi
The Solid State of Matter
Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids
"Chemistry: The Solid State of Matter" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/10-5-the-solid-state-of-matter. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
Wasu ƙungiyoyi ne suka wallafa su ƙarƙashin lasisin buɗe, kuma muna ambaton su yadda suka nema. Hanyoyin suna buɗe shafukansu.
Yi Aikin Tambayoyin Gwaji
Kana son yin aikin tambayoyin gwaji kan Covalent Bonding? Sauke manhajar Green Bridge CBT don samun tambayoyin gwaji da cikakkun jarrabawa akan wannan batu.
Sauke Manhajar Daga Google Playstore
Duk abin da kake buƙata don yin fice a JAMB, WAEC & NECO.
