WAEC SSCE - Agricultural Science - 1996

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The livestock parasite that possesses proglottides is the tapeworm. Tapeworms are a type of parasitic flatworm that infect livestock such as cows, sheep, and pigs. They possess proglottides, which are segments that make up the body of the tapeworm. Each proglottid contains reproductive organs and can produce eggs, which are shed in the feces of the host. Proglottides enable tapeworms to reproduce and increase their population within the host's digestive system. They can grow up to several meters long and cause various health problems, including malnutrition and reduced productivity in livestock. In contrast, liver flukes are parasitic flatworms that infect the liver and bile ducts of livestock, while roundworms are long, cylindrical worms that can infect various organs, including the intestines and lungs. Trypanosomes are single-celled parasites that cause African animal trypanosomiasis, while ticks are arthropods that can act as vectors for various diseases in livestock.

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The importance of fish farming includes the following: 1. Supply of proteins in the diet of man: Fish is a good source of protein, and fish farming can provide a sustainable source of protein for human consumption. 2. Boosting the economic of the country: Fish farming can contribute to the economy of a country by providing income for fish farmers and creating job opportunities in the fish processing and marketing industry. 3. Supply of vitamins in the diet of man: Fish is also a good source of vitamins, such as vitamin D and vitamin B12, which are essential for human health. 4. Provision of employment for people: Fish farming can provide employment opportunities for people in rural and coastal areas, where job opportunities may be limited. Therefore, the option that is NOT a benefit of fish farming is "discharge of waste used in the control of pond's pests". While fish waste can be used as fertilizer in agriculture, it is not commonly used as a method of controlling pests in ponds. Instead, other methods such as biological control and chemical treatments are used to control pests in fish ponds.

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The protective functions of forests include soil conservation, windbreak, wildlife conservation, erosion control, and more. However, being a tourist attraction is not considered a protective function of forests. Tourist attraction refers to the recreational and economic benefits that forests can provide, but it does not have a direct protective function. While forests can be a great source of tourism, providing an opportunity for visitors to appreciate the natural beauty and wildlife of the forest, this does not necessarily contribute to the protective functions of forests. Protective functions focus on the ecological and environmental benefits of forests, which include the conservation of natural resources and the protection of wildlife habitats.

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Bayanin Amsa

The statement that is not a function of Agricultural Extension is "fixing of prices of agricultural produce". Agricultural Extension is a service that provides information, advice, and training to farmers, with the goal of improving their agricultural practices and increasing their productivity. It acts as a link between the research institutes and farmers, provides farmers with the research findings and their application to the solution of farmers problems, changes farmers outlook towards their problems, and teaches people in rural areas how to raise their standard of living. However, fixing of prices of agricultural produce is a function of government agencies or bodies responsible for regulating the prices of agricultural produce in the market.

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The process by which a forest is renewed artificially is known as forest regeneration. Forest regeneration involves the intentional planting of new trees to replace the ones that have been harvested or lost due to natural causes. It can also involve techniques such as coppicing and pollarding, which encourage the regrowth of new shoots from the stumps of felled trees. The goal of forest regeneration is to maintain the ecological balance of a forest while also providing a sustainable supply of timber and other forest products.

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The maturity period of tomato in days can vary depending on the variety of tomato and growing conditions. However, on average, the maturity period of tomato in days is around 90. This means that from the time tomato plants are sown, it takes about 90 days for the tomato fruits to reach maturity and be ready for harvesting. Some varieties of tomato may have a shorter or longer maturity period than this average, but 90 days is a good estimate for planning and predicting when tomatoes will be ready for harvest.

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The blind sacs at the junction of the small and large intestines of a fowl are called caeca. Caeca are two small pouches or sacs that are located at the beginning of the large intestine in birds. They are present in many bird species, including chickens and other poultry. The caeca serve as a site for fermentation of undigested food material, especially cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate that birds cannot digest on their own. The fermentation process in the caeca helps to break down the cellulose into simpler compounds that the bird can absorb and utilize for energy. The caeca also play a role in the immune system of the bird, as they contain lymphoid tissue that helps to protect against disease.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can cause the rocks to expand and contract. When rocks are heated, they expand, and when they cool down, they contract. If this process of heating and cooling is repeated several times, it can cause the rocks to become stressed, which can lead to the development of cracks and fractures in the rock. The repeated heating and cooling of rocks can cause them to break down into smaller pieces through a process known as fragmentation. The cracks and fractures in the rocks can widen and deepen over time, eventually breaking the rock into smaller pieces. Therefore, the correct answer is "fragmentation."

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To calculate the amount of humus in the soil sample, we need to use the formula: Humus content = (mass of organic matter / mass of dry soil) x 100 First, we need to find the mass of dry soil. We can do this by subtracting the mass of the dish from the mass of dish and oven-dry soil: Mass of dry soil = Mass of dish and oven-dry soil - Mass of dish Mass of dry soil = 50 g - 10 g Mass of dry soil = 40 g Next, we need to find the mass of organic matter. We can do this by subtracting the mass of the dish and soil after heating from the mass of the dish and oven-dry soil: Mass of organic matter = Mass of dish and oven-dry soil - Mass of dish and soil after heating Mass of organic matter = 50 g - 40 g Mass of organic matter = 10 g Now we can substitute these values into the formula: Humus content = (mass of organic matter / mass of dry soil) x 100 Humus content = (10 g / 40 g) x 100 Humus content = 25% Therefore, the amount of humus in the soil sample is 25% of the dry soil mass, which is equivalent to 10 gm of organic matter. Note: Humus is the organic matter in the soil that is left after decomposition of dead plants and animals. It plays an important role in soil fertility and helps to retain soil moisture.

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Bayanin Amsa

The humpless breed of cattle which also possess short horns is Muturu. Muturu is a breed of cattle that is native to Nigeria, particularly in the southwestern region. They are known for their humpless body and short horns, which distinguishes them from other breeds such as White Fulani and Red Bororo, which have long horns. Muturu cattle are typically small in size, with a height of around 100-120cm and a weight of 150-250kg. They are valued for their hardiness and ability to thrive in harsh environments with limited resources, such as during the dry season. However, they are also at risk of extinction due to crossbreeding with other breeds and a lack of conservation efforts.

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Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The statement "fixing of prices of agricultural produce" is not a function of Agricultural Extension. Agricultural Extension involves educating and providing technical assistance to farmers on the latest research findings and their practical applications in solving problems. It also serves as a link between research institutions and farmers, as well as changing farmers' attitudes towards their challenges. However, Agricultural Extension does not involve the fixation of prices of agricultural produce, which is the function of agricultural marketing.

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The texture and mineral composition of soil depend mainly on the parent material. Parent material refers to the rock or sediment from which the soil is formed. The characteristics of the parent material, such as its mineral composition and structure, can have a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. For example, a soil formed from granite will have a different texture and mineral composition than a soil formed from limestone. Other factors such as climate, vegetation, and time can also influence the soil's properties, but the parent material is considered the primary factor that determines the texture and mineral composition of the soil.

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The husbandry practice that is not carried out in pig farming is "shearing of hairs of the skin". This is because pigs have hair rather than wool, and hair does not need to be sheared like wool. In pig farming, castration of excess males is often carried out to prevent unwanted breeding and improve the quality of meat. Application of iron supplements is done to prevent anemia in piglets. Numbering by ear notching or tattooing is used for identification and record-keeping purposes. Dipping or spraying of animals is done to control external parasites and prevent the spread of diseases. Overall, each of these practices is aimed at improving the health and welfare of the pigs, as well as the quality of the meat they produce.

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Biological control of insect pests involves the use of living organisms to manage the population of pests in crops. Out of the given options, the best way to carry out biological control of insect pests of crops is through the use of parasites and predators. Parasites and predators are natural enemies of insects that feed on or live inside them, ultimately leading to their death or reduced reproduction. Introducing these natural enemies into crop fields can help reduce the population of pests without using harmful chemicals, thus minimizing the environmental impact and preserving beneficial insects. Crop rotation involves alternating crops in a particular field to avoid the buildup of pests that are specific to a particular crop. Farm sanitation entails keeping the farm clean and free of debris to prevent the breeding of pests. These methods can help reduce pest populations but are not as effective as the use of natural enemies. Soil fumigation involves the use of chemicals to kill pests in the soil. This method is effective but also harmful to the environment and other beneficial organisms in the soil. The use of resistant varieties involves planting crops that are naturally resistant to certain pests. However, this method may not be effective against all pests and can lead to the emergence of new resistant strains of pests.

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To calculate the percentage of humus in the soil sample, we need to use the formula: Percentage of humus = (Loss on ignition / Mass of oven-dry soil) x 100% Where "Loss on ignition" is the weight difference between the dish and oven-dry soil and the dish and soil after heating. Using the given values: Mass of dish = 10 gm Mass of dish and oven-dry soil = 50 gm Mass of dish and soil after heating = 40 gm Mass of oven-dry soil = Mass of dish and oven-dry soil - Mass of dish = 50 gm - 10 gm = 40 gm Loss on ignition = Mass of dish and oven-dry soil - Mass of dish and soil after heating = 50 gm - 40 gm = 10 gm Percentage of humus = (Loss on ignition / Mass of oven-dry soil) x 100% = (10 gm / 40 gm) x 100% = 25% Therefore, the percentage of humus in the soil sample is 25%. The correct option is "25%".

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The structure that does not serve a protective function is bone. Bones serve a supportive function in the body, providing structural support and protection for vital organs. Hooves, skin, feathers, and hair all serve a protective function by providing a physical barrier to the external environment and helping to regulate body temperature.

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The statement is saying that adopting clean clearing of land in the tropical rainforest is not advisable and the question is asking for the reason why. The answer is option A, which states that it encourages erosion and leaching. This is because clean clearing involves the removal of all vegetation, including roots and debris, which leaves the soil exposed to erosion by wind and water. The organic matter that would have been left behind to decay and provide nutrients to the soil is also removed, which leads to leaching of nutrients. Therefore, clean clearing is not recommended as it has negative effects on the soil and the environment in general.

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When a piece of land is leased to a farmer, it means that the farmer has been given permission to use the land for agricultural purposes for a specified period of time, usually in exchange for a rental fee. This is known as allocating the land on a rental basis. The farmer does not own the land, but has the right to use it to grow crops or raise livestock during the lease period. The landowner, on the other hand, retains the ownership of the land and is usually responsible for major maintenance and repairs. The lease agreement typically specifies the terms and conditions of the lease, including the duration of the lease, the amount of rent to be paid, and the responsibilities of the farmer and the landowner. At the end of the lease period, the land reverts back to the landowner unless a new lease agreement is negotiated.

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The chromosomes in a cell are located in the nucleus. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains most of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA. Chromosomes are long, coiled-up strands of DNA that contain genes, which are the units of heredity that determine an organism's characteristics. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that separates it from the rest of the cell. The other organelles mentioned - cell wall, golgi body, vacuole, and mitochondrion - do not contain the chromosomes.

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Irrigation is the process of providing water to crops artificially, by means of channels, pipes, ditches, or sprays, to ensure their growth and productivity. It involves supplying water to crops in controlled amounts at regular intervals, especially during dry seasons or in areas with inadequate rainfall. This process is used to enhance agricultural productivity and crop yield.

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A perennial is a crop that can grow and produce fruits for more than two years. This means that once it is planted, it will continue to produce fruits year after year without the need for replanting. Other crops may only reach maturity early and stop producing fruits before two years or stop producing fruit two years after planting, but perennials are different in that they have a longer lifespan and can continue to bear fruits for several years.

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Bayanin Amsa

The first operation in the establishment of a fish pond is the clearing and stumping of the site. This involves the removal of trees, bushes, rocks, and other debris from the area where the pond will be constructed. It is important to clear the site thoroughly to ensure that the pond is free from any obstructions that could cause problems during construction or later when the pond is in use. Stumping of the site also helps to create a smooth and level bottom for the pond, which is important for proper water circulation and drainage. Once the site has been cleared and stumped, the next steps in establishing a fish pond may include the construction of a dam, spillway, and the application of fertilizers. However, these steps cannot be taken until the site has been properly cleared and prepared. Therefore, clearing and stumping of the site is the first and most important operation in the establishment of a fish pond.

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Granite is an example of an igneous rock. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Granite is formed by the slow cooling and solidification of magma deep within the Earth's crust. It is a coarse-grained rock that is composed of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. It is widely used in construction as a building material due to its durability and strength.

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The disease that is not caused by a fungus is streak of maize. Streak of maize is a viral disease that affects maize plants. It is caused by a virus called Maize streak virus (MSV), which is transmitted by leafhoppers. The virus infects the plant and causes streaks or streak-like symptoms on the leaves, stems, and sometimes the cobs of the maize plant. The other diseases listed are all caused by fungi: - Panama disease of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. - Smut of rice is caused by the fungus Ustilago virens. - Mould of stored grain is caused by various species of fungi, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. - Black pod disease of cocoa is caused by various species of fungi, such as Phytophthora and Moniliophthora. Fungal diseases of crops are common and can cause significant damage to crop yields. It is important to identify the cause of the disease accurately in order to develop effective control measures.

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The fruit that has many seeds, with many joined compartments and splits open along all of its seams from the bottom to the top is called a capsule. Capsules are usually dry fruits and can be found in many different types of plants, including flowers, shrubs, and trees. When a capsule is ripe, it splits open, allowing the seeds to be dispersed by wind or other means. Some examples of plants that produce capsules are poppies, iris, and milkweed.

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Rice blast is caused by a fungus. The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae attacks the leaves, stems, and grains of rice plants, causing large lesions and destroying the plant tissue. This can result in significant losses of rice yield and has a major impact on global food security, as rice is a staple crop for many people around the world.

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Bayanin Amsa

The word 'except' in the question indicates that one option out of the five given is not a common management practice in pastures. Therefore, the answer is 'overstocking'. The other options are commonly used management practices in pastures. Rotational grazing involves moving animals between paddocks to allow the pasture to rest and recover, leading to sustainable use. Weed and pest control is essential in pasture management as it ensures that the growth of desirable plants is not affected by unwanted plants and pests. Fertilizer application is necessary for promoting plant growth in pastures. Paddocking involves dividing a large pasture into smaller areas to facilitate grazing management, while overstocking refers to putting more animals on the pasture than it can support, leading to overgrazing and reduced productivity.

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The most important economic factor that determines the quality of cassava a consumer will demand is the price of cassava. This is because price is a major determinant of consumer behavior and purchasing power. If the price of cassava is too high, consumers may opt for cheaper alternatives such as yam or rice. On the other hand, if the price is reasonable, consumers are more likely to demand for cassava especially if it meets their taste and quality preferences. Therefore, price plays a crucial role in determining the quantity of cassava that will be demanded by consumers.

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Checking on costs and returns enables the farmer to ascertain the immediate financial position of the farm. When a farmer keeps track of the costs and returns of the farm, they can determine the profit or loss made within a specific period. This information helps the farmer to know the immediate financial position of the farm. They can know how much money they have made and the cost incurred in producing the crops or rearing the animals. The farmer can use this information to make informed decisions on the best practices that will ensure profitability on the farm. It also enables the farmer to know when there is a need to take corrective measures to avoid running at a loss.

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Bayanin Amsa

The characteristic feature that is not associated with giant-star grass is that it is easy to eradicate once established. Giant-star grass is a type of grass that is characterized by vigorous growth, spreading and being a perennial. It possesses long and rapidly growing stems, which makes it ideal for forage production. Additionally, giant-star grass is drought-resistant and has the ability to withstand continuous grazing. However, giant-star grass is not easy to eradicate once established. This is because it has an extensive root system that makes it difficult to remove from the soil. Even though it can be propagated from young cuttings, it is challenging to get rid of once it has taken root in an area. Therefore, it is important to manage giant-star grass populations to prevent it from becoming invasive and difficult to control.

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The peculiarity of the intestine tract of a fowl is the possession of a cloaca. A cloaca is a common chamber that receives the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. In fowls, the cloaca is the end of the digestive tract, where the faeces, urine, and reproductive products (such as eggs) are excreted. The fowl's digestive system begins with the mouth, where food is ingested and mixed with saliva. From there, it passes down the oesophagus and into the crop, where it is stored and softened. The food then moves to the proventriculus, which is the glandular stomach that secretes digestive enzymes. Next, it moves to the gizzard, a muscular organ that grinds the food into smaller pieces. After this, the food enters the small intestine, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Finally, the waste products pass into the cloaca, where they are eliminated from the body. Fowls have a unique digestive system that is adapted for their diet of grains and seeds. The possession of a cloaca allows for efficient excretion of waste products and also enables the transfer of sperm during mating.

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The statement that is not correct is "the individuals used in cross-breeding have all characters in common". Cross-breeding is the process of breeding two different individuals of the same species with different characteristics or traits to obtain offspring with a combination of desirable traits from both parents. Therefore, the individuals used in cross-breeding have different traits, and the cross-bred progenies are usually heterozygous, meaning they carry two different alleles of the same gene. Cross-breeding can be used to introduce new genes, create new breeds of livestock, and is a routine practice of improving poultry.

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The aims of crop improvement include increasing yields, meeting particular needs of growers, meeting the needs of consumers, and adapting to climatic conditions. However, reducing demand for a particular type of crop is not one of the aims of crop improvement. Crop improvement aims to enhance the quality and quantity of crop production to meet the growing demands of the population. Therefore, it focuses on developing new crop varieties that are more resistant to pests and diseases, that can withstand harsh climatic conditions, that can produce higher yields, and that can meet the changing needs of growers and consumers.

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The factor that will not influence the use of land for farming is "light intensity." Light intensity is not a factor that directly affects land use for farming because it is not related to the physical characteristics of the land. Light intensity is important for plant growth and photosynthesis, but it is not a factor that determines whether land is suitable for farming or not. On the other hand, factors such as population density, climatic condition, topography, and type of vegetation are crucial in determining the suitability of land for farming because they affect the physical, biological, and social aspects of the land.

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Carbohydrates are an essential component of livestock feed, providing them with energy to carry out various body functions. The most important source of carbohydrate in livestock feed is maize. Maize contains a high level of starch, which is easily digestible by animals and provides a lot of energy. In addition, maize is readily available and relatively affordable, making it a popular choice for livestock feed. Other options like guinea corn, sorghum, rice bran, and wheat bran also contain carbohydrates, but maize is considered the most important source.

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To find the amount of water needed to mix 20 litres of acaricide, we can use the ratio of acaricide to water given in the instruction. The ratio of acaricide to water is: 1 litre of acaricide : 175 litres of water To mix 20 litres of acaricide, we can set up a proportion: 1 litre of acaricide / 175 litres of water = 20 litres of acaricide / x litres of water where x is the amount of water needed to mix 20 litres of acaricide. Solving for x: x = (175 x 20) / 1 x = 3,500 litres Therefore, the livestock farmer needs 3,500 litres of water to mix 20 litres of acaricide. The correct option is: 3500 litres

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The option that is not an effect of bush burning on the soil is "maintaining high levels of soil nutrients reserves." Bush burning is a traditional practice of burning grasses and bushes in farmland, which has both negative and positive effects on the soil. The burning of vegetation can destroy the structure of the soil and expose it to erosion, making it more susceptible to water runoff. Also, the heat from the fire can sterilize the soil against some beneficial soil microorganisms. On the positive side, bush burning can increase the rate of nitrogen mineralization in the soil, making nutrients more available to plants. However, it does not maintain high levels of soil nutrient reserves because the ash produced by bush burning usually contains a limited amount of nutrients, which are quickly leached out by rainfall.

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The Nigerian Land Use Act of 1978 puts the right ownership of land on the government. The government, through the governor of each state, holds all land in trust for the people and is responsible for managing and administering it. This means that individuals, families, or communities cannot own land outright, but they can only hold the right to use the land. The Act provides for a system of land tenure that is designed to ensure efficient use of land resources and to promote economic development. The government can grant the right to use land to individuals, organizations, or communities for specific purposes such as agriculture, residential, commercial, or industrial activities. The Act also provides for compensation to be paid to those who lose their right to use the land due to government acquisition or development projects.

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The breed of goat popularly kept mainly for its skin is the Sokoto Red. This breed of goat is known for its high-quality skin, which is used in the production of leather products. The skin is durable, smooth, and attractive, and it is highly valued in the leather industry. The Sokoto Red goat is also a good source of meat and milk, but its skin is the main reason for its popularity. This breed of goat is primarily found in the Northern part of Nigeria and is well adapted to the harsh climatic conditions of the region.

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The factor of production that is not included in the list is marketing. The factors of production refer to the inputs used in the production of goods and services. The traditional factors of production include land, labour, and capital, with management sometimes considered as the fourth factor. Land refers to natural resources such as water, minerals, and soil, which are used in the production process. Labour represents the human effort required to produce goods and services, while capital refers to the tools, machinery, and equipment used in production. Management involves the coordination and organization of the other factors of production to maximize output and profits. Marketing, on the other hand, is not considered a factor of production as it involves the promotion and sale of goods and services after they have been produced. Marketing is a crucial part of business operations as it enables producers to communicate the value of their products to consumers and generate revenue. However, it is not considered a factor of production because it does not directly contribute to the production process itself.

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Improving the quality of feeds will not be an effect of excessive amount of water content in feeds. Excessive water content in feeds can have several negative effects on the quality and safety of the feed. It can lead to the growth of molds and bacteria, which can produce toxic substances that can harm the animals that consume the feed. Excess water can also dilute the nutrient content of the feed, leading to a decrease in its nutritional value. Furthermore, excess water can stimulate fermentation in the feed, leading to spoilage and decreased palatability. However, it is unlikely that excess water content in feeds would improve their quality in any way.

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Making access roads in a forest plantation is important for fire-fighting purposes. Access roads allow firefighters to quickly and easily access all areas of the forest plantation in the event of a fire outbreak. This can help to contain the fire and prevent it from spreading, minimizing damage to the forest and surrounding areas. Without access roads, firefighters may struggle to reach certain areas, making it difficult to effectively fight the fire. Additionally, access roads can also make it easier to transport equipment and supplies to different parts of the forest plantation, such as weeding tools, fertilizer, mulch, and erosion control measures. This can help to improve the overall health and productivity of the forest plantation.

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A biotic factor influencing agricultural production is a predator. A predator is an animal that hunts and feeds on other animals, including livestock and crops. Predators can have a significant impact on agricultural production by reducing crop yields and causing damage to livestock. For example, birds can eat crops such as maize, sorghum, and sunflower, while animals like foxes, wolves, and coyotes can prey on livestock such as goats, sheep, and cows. To minimize the impact of predators on agricultural production, farmers can use various strategies such as fencing, netting, and chemical repellents.

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The most effective way of ensuring built-in resistance to disease in calves is to allow them access to colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother cow immediately after calving. It is rich in antibodies, which are transferred to the calf and help to build its immune system. Without colostrum, the calf's immune system is weakened, making it more vulnerable to diseases. Vaccination, regular veterinary check-ups, proper quarantine, and a balanced ration are also important measures in ensuring the health of calves, but access to colostrum is critical for building resistance to disease.

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Introduction as a method of crop improvement involves bringing in a new variety or species of crop from a different geographical location to an area where it was not previously cultivated. One great disadvantage of this method is the introduction of a new type of disease into the new area of cultivation. The introduced crop may carry pathogens or pests that are not present in the new area, which can lead to the spread of diseases that can be harmful to both the introduced crop and the local crops. This can cause significant economic losses and affect food security. Therefore, it is essential to carefully screen and quarantine any introduced crops to prevent the spread of diseases.

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(a) Soil pH

Soil pH is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil, expressed on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline. Most crops grow best in slightly acidic to neutral soils (about pH 6 to 7). Acidity can be corrected by liming, while alkalinity may be reduced by adding sulphur or organic matter. Soil pH affects the availability of nutrients and the activity of soil organisms.

(b) Soil texture

Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of the different sizes of mineral particles (sand, silt and clay) in a soil. It determines whether a soil is sandy, loamy or clayey. Texture influences water-holding capacity, drainage, aeration and nutrient retention. Loamy soil, which is a balanced mixture of sand, silt and clay, is the best for most crops.

(c) Soil organisms

Soil organisms are the living things found in the soil. They include micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae, and macro-organisms such as earthworms, termites, millipedes and rodents. They help to decompose organic matter into humus, release and recycle nutrients, fix nitrogen, and improve soil structure and aeration. A few of them are harmful as pests or disease-causing organisms.

(d) Soil profile

A soil profile is the vertical section of the soil from the surface down to the parent rock, showing the different layers called horizons. The main horizons are the top soil (A horizon), the sub soil (B horizon), the weathered parent material (C horizon) and the underlying bed rock (D or R horizon). It is studied to know the depth, fertility and suitability of a soil for crop production.

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(a) The water cycle (hydrological cycle)

The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water between the earth surface and the atmosphere. The annotated diagram should show the following labelled stages arranged in a cycle:

• Evaporation: heat from the sun turns water from seas, rivers and lakes into water vapour that rises into the atmosphere.
• Transpiration: plants give out water vapour from their leaves into the atmosphere.
• Condensation: the rising water vapour cools and condenses to form clouds.
• Precipitation: the condensed water falls back to the earth as rain, hail or dew.
• Run-off and infiltration: some water flows over the surface into rivers and seas, while some sinks into the soil to become ground water, and the cycle repeats.

(b) Three forms in which water exists in the soil

1. Gravitational water (free water that drains away by gravity).
2. Capillary water (held around soil particles and available to plants).
3. Hygroscopic water (tightly held as a thin film on soil particles, not available to plants).

(c) Five importance of water to crops

• It is needed for seed germination.
• It is a raw material for photosynthesis.
• It dissolves soil nutrients and aids their absorption and transport within the plant.
• It keeps plant cells turgid, maintaining the shape and firmness of the plant.
• It cools the plant through transpiration and regulates temperature.

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(a)

1. (i) Four advantages of the deep litter system in poultry management are:

   • It is cost-effective as it requires less labour and materials compared to other systems.
   • It provides insulation for the birds, keeping them warm in cold weather.
   • It allows for natural scratching and foraging behavior in the birds, promoting their welfare.
   • The litter can be used as a fertilizer for crops when properly managed.

2. (ii) Four disadvantages of the deep litter system in poultry management are:

   • It requires frequent cleaning and maintenance to prevent disease and odor.
   • It can lead to a buildup of ammonia and other harmful gases if not properly managed.
   • It may attract pests such as rodents and flies.
   • The litter can become wet and compacted, leading to poor ventilation and increased risk of disease.

(b) One disadvantage of using sawdust as litter in a deep-litter house is that it may become compacted and wet, leading to poor ventilation and increased risk of disease. Sawdust also has a high moisture content, which can lead to the growth of harmful bacteria if not managed properly.

(c) The recommended floor space for fowls in a deep litter house is three (3) adult fowls per square metre. Therefore, in a deep-litter house of size 10 metres by 50 metres, the total area is 500 square metres. Hence, the number of adult fowls that can be kept in this house is 3 x 500 = 1500 adult fowls.

(d) Three other methods of keeping poultry are:

1. Battery Cage System: This system involves housing birds in individual cages that are stacked on top of one another. It is a high-density system that maximizes space and allows for easy management and disease control.
2. Free-Range System: This system allows birds to roam freely outdoors during the day and return to a shelter at night. It promotes natural behavior and improves the quality of the meat and eggs produced.
3. Colony System: This system involves housing birds in small groups in a communal space. It allows for social interaction between birds and promotes natural behavior, but may be more difficult to manage compared to other systems.

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(a) Six relationships between agriculture and industries

• Agriculture supplies raw materials (cotton, cocoa, rubber, oil palm) to industries.
• Industries supply farm inputs (fertilizers, machinery, chemicals) to agriculture.
• Agriculture provides food for industrial workers.
• Agriculture provides a market for industrial goods.
• Industries process and add value to agricultural produce.
• Both provide employment and generate income and foreign exchange for the nation.

(b) Six factors affecting the success of commercial agriculture in Nigeria

• Capital: availability of adequate funds and credit to finance large-scale production.
• Land: access to large expanse of fertile land under a favourable land tenure system.
• Labour: availability of skilled and unskilled labour at a reasonable cost.
• Infrastructure: good roads, storage, processing and transport facilities.
• Marketing and price stability: reliable markets and stable prices for produce.
• Government policy: favourable agricultural policies, subsidies and political stability.
• (Also: climate/weather and availability of improved technology.)

(c) Eight agricultural research institutes in Nigeria

1. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan.
2. Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan.
3. National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badeggi.
4. National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike.
5. Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin.
6. National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Zaria.
7. Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Zaria.
8. Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN), Benin.
9. (Also: NIHORT Ibadan, NVRI Vom, NIFFR New Bussa.)

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(a) Reasons why farm accounts should be kept by a farmer include:

• To know the cost of production and profitability of the farm.
• To aid in decision-making regarding what crops to plant and when to plant them.
• To help in obtaining loans from financial institutions.
• To monitor and control farm expenses.
• To comply with tax laws and regulations.
• To provide a record of farm operations and activities.

(b) Profit and loss account for Ada Farms for the year ending December, 1993:

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(a) Four common survey equipment/tools and their uses

• Ranging pole: used for marking out and sighting straight lines during survey.
• Measuring/surveyor tape (or chain): used for measuring horizontal distances between points.
• Prismatic compass: used for measuring the bearing (direction) of survey lines.
• Levelling instrument (dumpy level) and staff: used for determining differences in height/elevation of points on the land.
• (Others acceptable: theodolite for measuring horizontal and vertical angles; arrows/pegs for marking points.)

(b) Importance of farm surveying and planning

• It gives the exact size, shape and boundaries of the farmland.
• It helps to prepare a map/plan of the farm for proper record and reference.
• It guides the proper layout and location of farm structures, roads and drainage.
• It helps to allocate land to different enterprises efficiently.
• It helps to determine the level and slope of the land for irrigation and erosion control.
• It helps to settle boundary disputes and provides evidence of ownership.
• It aids proper planning, budgeting and estimation of inputs for the farm.

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(a) Black pod of cocoa

• Causal organism: a fungus, Phytophthora palmivora (also Phytophthora megakarya).
• Symptoms: brown to black spots appear on the pod, spread rapidly to cover the whole pod, which turns black, rots, hardens and mummifies; the beans inside are destroyed.
• Spread: favoured by high humidity and rainfall; spread by rain splash, wind, insects and contact.
• Control: regular removal and destruction of infected pods (sanitation); frequent spraying with copper-based fungicides (e.g. Bordeaux mixture); prune to reduce humidity; ensure good drainage and adequate spacing; plant resistant varieties.

(b) Leaf blight of cassava

• Causal organism: a bacterium, Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis (cassava bacterial blight); (fungal leaf spots such as Cercospora also cause blighting).
• Symptoms: angular brown/water-soaked spots on the leaves, blighting and wilting of leaves, defoliation, die-back of shoots and gum exudation on stems in the bacterial type; severe attack reduces tuber yield.
• Spread: spread through infected cuttings, rain splash, wind and farm tools.
• Control: use clean, disease-free (resistant) cuttings; practise crop rotation and field sanitation; remove and burn infected plants; avoid overhead injury and disinfect tools; apply appropriate chemicals where necessary.

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(a)(i) The law of supply in relation to agricultural production

The law of supply states that, all other factors remaining constant, the higher the price of an agricultural produce, the greater the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale; and the lower the price, the smaller the quantity offered for sale. In other words, the quantity supplied of an agricultural produce varies directly (positively) with its price.

(a)(ii) Supply schedule and supply curve for maize

A supply schedule is a table showing the different quantities of a produce that farmers are willing to supply at different prices. The schedule below is for a named agricultural produce, maize (price in naira per basket):

When these points are plotted, with price on the vertical axis and quantity supplied on the horizontal axis, they give the supply curve below:

The supply curve SS slopes upward from left to right, confirming the law of supply: as the price of maize rises from \(\mathrm{N}4\) to \(\mathrm{N}10\), the quantity supplied rises from 20 to 80 baskets. The relationship is linear here, with a constant slope of \(\dfrac{10-4}{80-20}=\dfrac{6}{60}=0.1\) naira per basket, so every extra \(\mathrm{N}2\) in price calls forth an additional 20 baskets of maize.

(b) Five causes of change in supply of an agricultural produce

1. Changes in the cost of production - a fall in the price of inputs such as fertiliser, seeds and labour lowers production costs and increases supply, while a rise reduces supply.
2. Changes in weather and climatic conditions - favourable rainfall and sunshine raise yields and supply, whereas drought or flooding reduces them.
3. Changes in the technique (technology) of production - improved farming methods, mechanisation and better crop varieties raise output and increase supply.
4. Incidence of pests and diseases - outbreaks that attack crops or livestock reduce output and therefore reduce supply.
5. Government policies - taxes, subsidies and price control affect farmers' returns; subsidies increase supply while heavy taxation reduces it.

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Cultivation of maize

(a) Land preparation

The land is cleared of bush, stumped, ploughed and harrowed to produce a fine, loose seedbed. Ridges or beds may be made where necessary for good drainage.

(b) Propagation

Maize is propagated sexually by seeds (grains). Healthy, viable and certified/improved seeds are used.

(c) Planting date

Maize is planted at the onset of the rains, usually March to April for the early season and August to September for the late season in the forest zone.

(d) Seed rate

About 20 to 25 kg of seed per hectare, sowing two to three seeds per hole and later thinning to one or two plants.

(e) Spacing

A spacing of about 90 cm between rows and 25 to 30 cm within rows (about 90 cm by 25 cm), giving roughly 40,000 to 50,000 plants per hectare.

(f) Fertilizer requirement

Maize is a heavy feeder. Apply a compound fertilizer such as N.P.K. at planting or two to three weeks after planting, followed by a top dressing of a nitrogenous fertilizer (e.g. urea or sulphate of ammonia) about five to six weeks after planting.

(g) Weeding

The farm is kept weed-free by hoeing or by the use of herbicides. Two to three weedings are usually done, with the first about two to three weeks after planting.

(h) Harvesting

Maize is harvested green (fresh) for boiling or roasting about two to three months after planting, or left to dry on the plant and harvested as dry grain after about three to four months.

(i) Storage

The grains are properly dried to a safe moisture content and stored in cribs, silos, jute bags or rhombus. They may be shelled and treated with approved chemicals to protect against weevils, rats and moulds.

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(a) Balanced ration

A balanced ration is the feed given to a farm animal within a 24-hour period that contains all the essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water) in the right proportion required for maintenance, growth, reproduction and production.

(b) Stages in the preparation of the feed ingredients

(i) Bone meal

• Bones are collected and boiled to soften them and remove flesh and fat.
• The bones are dried, then crushed, ground or milled into powder.
• The powder is sieved and bagged for use.

(ii) Blood meal

• Fresh blood is collected from the slaughter house.
• It is boiled/cooked or steamed to coagulate it and remove excess water.
• The coagulated blood is drained, dried, then ground into powder, sieved and bagged.

(iii) Fish meal

• Waste or trash fish is collected and cooked/steamed.
• The oil and water are pressed out and the residue is dried.
• The dried fish is ground into powder, sieved and bagged.

(iv) Cotton seed meal

• Cotton seeds are collected and the lint and hulls (seed coats) are removed.
• The kernels are heated and the oil is extracted (pressed out).
• The remaining cake is dried, ground into meal, sieved and bagged.