JAMB UTME - Geography - 2017

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Africa is bounded in the North by the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is a large body of water that is connected to the Atlantic Ocean, located between Europe to the north and Africa to the south. It is bordered by several countries including Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Egypt, among others. The Mediterranean Sea is an important part of Africa's geography and history, as it has played a major role in the development of trade and culture in the region.

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Enugu axis is one of the main coal mining states in Nigeria. Coal was discovered there in 1909

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Cirrus make up the high cloud and it is composed of ice-crystals, white and wispy. High clouds are cloud whose highest is between 6,000 m to 12,000m above the earth surface.

Stratus is one of the layers that make up the low cloud, altostratus is composed of water droplets partially covering the sky and it is also a part of middle cloud

Alto cumullus is also a distinct part of the middle cloud characterized by water droplets in layers with flattered bases in lines.

The high cloud is made up of three distinct parts which are cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus

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The correct chronological order of these mining activities is: Exploration → Exploitation → Refining → Transportation 1. Exploration: This is the initial step in mining where the potential mining site is identified, and surveys are conducted to assess the quality and quantity of minerals present in the area. 2. Exploitation: After identifying the site, the mining company starts the process of extracting the minerals from the earth. This is usually done by drilling or blasting the rocks to extract the minerals. 3. Refining: Once the minerals have been extracted, they are processed to remove impurities and obtain the desired mineral product. Refining involves various chemical and mechanical processes, depending on the type of mineral. 4. Transportation: After refining, the minerals are transported to the final destination where they will be used. This can involve shipping the minerals overseas or transporting them by truck or train to local factories for further processing. Therefore, the correct chronological order of these mining activities is Exploration → Exploitation → Refining → Transportation.

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Seasons in tropical areas are primarily determined by temperature. The Earth's tilt and its orbit around the sun cause changes in the amount of sunlight received by different parts of the planet, leading to variations in temperature. This results in the warm and rainy seasons in tropical areas, while other regions experience cold and dry seasons.

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The introduction of materials that have negative impacts on the ecosystem is known as pollution. Pollution can occur in various forms, such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, and more. When substances such as chemicals, waste materials, or harmful gases are released into the environment, they can cause damage to the air, water, and soil, and harm plants, animals, and humans. Pollution can lead to a wide range of negative impacts, including climate change, habitat destruction, and the spread of diseases. It is important to take steps to reduce pollution to protect our planet and ensure the health and well-being of all living things.

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Among the given options, "Yardang" is the most correct desert erosional landform. A yardang is a long, narrow, and steep-sided ridge of rock that has been eroded by wind abrasion and deflation. These features typically form in regions with a consistent wind direction and where the rock is composed of a variety of hard and soft layers. As the wind blows across the landscape, it erodes away the softer rock layers, leaving behind the harder layers in a ridge-like shape. On the other hand, a Barchan is a crescent-shaped sand dune formed by wind action, typically found in deserts. Loess, on the other hand, is a type of sedimentary deposit that is made up of silt-sized particles, usually found in areas where wind has deposited the sediment. Self dunes are smaller, isolated dunes that form due to localized wind activity. Therefore, among the given options, only Yardang is a desert erosional landform.

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The simple measure of the number of dependents that each 100 people in the productive years must support is called the "dependency ratio." The dependency ratio is a ratio that compares the number of dependent individuals, such as children or elderly people, to the number of working-age individuals in a population. The working-age population is typically defined as individuals between the ages of 15 and 64 years old. For example, if there are 50 dependent individuals for every 100 working-age individuals, the dependency ratio would be 50:100, or 50%. This means that each 100 people in the productive years must support 50 dependents. The dependency ratio is an important measure for understanding the financial and economic burden that dependent individuals can place on the working-age population. It is often used by policymakers to help plan for social security, healthcare, and other services that are necessary for the well-being of a population.

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Settlements where people build their houses along routes are often called linear settlements. In these settlements, houses are built along a road or other linear feature, such as a river or railway line. This type of settlement pattern is common in areas where transportation routes, such as roads or rails, are the main means of access to resources and markets. Linear settlements are often found in rural areas, but can also be found in urban areas where transportation routes are well-developed. The main advantage of linear settlements is that they make transportation and communication easier, as all the houses are located along a single route.

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The greatest advantage of road transport over other types of transportation is its flexibility. Road transport allows for easy access to almost any location, including remote areas, and can reach places where other modes of transport cannot. It also allows for flexible routing and scheduling, meaning that goods can be transported according to the specific needs and requirements of the shipment. This makes road transport particularly well-suited for just-in-time delivery and other time-sensitive operations. While other modes of transport may be more suitable for certain types of cargo or for longer distances, the flexibility of road transport makes it an important part of the global logistics and transportation network.

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Barometer is used in measuring air pressure and predicting weather changes

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Shiroro is located in Nigeria. Nigeria is a country in West Africa, known for its diverse culture and rich history. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the south, Chad to the northeast, Niger to the north, and Benin to the west. The capital city of Nigeria is Abuja, and the largest city is Lagos.

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The area marked D on the map is the Sudan Savanna. It is a transitional zone between the Sahel and the Guinea Savanna, characterized by grassland and scattered trees. The Sudan Savanna receives more rainfall than the Sahel but less than the Guinea Savanna, and as a result, it has a mix of grasses and trees. The Sudan Savanna covers a large part of West Africa, including countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Mali.

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A wave is a continuous movement on water surface, usually in the ocean. Its is also said to be a moving ridge on the surface of the water.

Option 1, ripples often occur on the surface of small liquids or a small body of water

Option 2, currents is a continuous movements of water in one direction. When there is water erosion, the eroded water tends to move in a particular direction, that is an example of a current.

Tsunamis is a large oceanic wave caused by an earthquake under the sea. The question says circulatory movement of surface water which is continuous in the ocean, current, ripples and tsunamis are wrong as they do not fit as the right answer.

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The primary stage in the formation of an ox-bow lake is a meander. A meander is a bend or curve in a river's course, and over time, the force of the water erodes the outer bank of the bend and deposits sediment on the inner bank. As the process continues, the meander becomes more pronounced, and the distance between the outer and inner banks becomes greater. Eventually, the river erodes through the narrow strip of land, called the neck, that separates the meander from the main channel. This creates a new, straighter channel for the river, leaving behind a U-shaped lake that is no longer connected to the main channel. This U-shaped lake is known as an ox-bow lake. So, the meander is the primary stage because it is the initial bend in the river that begins the process of erosion and deposition that eventually leads to the formation of an ox-bow lake.

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The flow of a river at the lower course is slow because the gradient is greatly reduced. The gradient of a river refers to the slope or steepness of the riverbed. At the upper course of a river, the gradient is generally steep, which means that the river is flowing downhill quickly. However, as the river moves towards the lower course, the gradient decreases, causing the river to slow down. This is because the river has deposited much of its sediment, which has built up the riverbed and created a gentler slope. Additionally, the volume of water in the river also increases as it moves towards the lower course, which can also contribute to a slower flow. The increased volume means that the river has more water to move, and therefore it takes more time for the water to flow through the channel. In summary, the slow flow of a river at the lower course is due to the combination of a reduced gradient and an increase in the volume of water.

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Dependency ratio is determined by the age structure of a population. It is a measure of the number of dependents (people who are not in the labor force) in relation to the number of working-age people. The dependency ratio is calculated by dividing the number of dependents (typically children under 15 and adults over 65) by the number of working-age people (usually defined as those aged 15-64). The result is expressed as a ratio or percentage. For example, a country with a high proportion of young and old people relative to the number of working-age adults will have a high dependency ratio. This means that there are relatively more people who are dependent on those who are working to support them. Conversely, a country with a lower proportion of dependents relative to the number of working-age adults will have a lower dependency ratio, meaning that there are relatively fewer people who are dependent on those who are working to support them. Factors such as the rate of natural increase (births minus deaths) and net migration can impact the age structure of a population, which in turn can affect the dependency ratio. However, the age structure of the population is the primary determinant of the dependency ratio.

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The transport type being described in the question is pipelines. Pipelines are not flexible and can be very expensive to construct. They are typically made of metal and can be damaged by environmental factors or accidents, leading to spillage. Pipelines are commonly used to transport oil, gas, and other liquids over long distances. While they can be an efficient and safe mode of transport, their inflexibility and potential for damage can be considered as demerits.

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The textual class that can hold the greatest amount of moisture is clay. Clay particles are much smaller than sand particles, which allows them to pack more tightly together, creating smaller pore spaces between the particles. These smaller pore spaces provide more surface area for water to adhere to, which makes it easier for clay soils to hold onto water. In contrast, sandy soils have larger pore spaces, which allow water to drain through more quickly, making them less effective at holding onto moisture. While loamy soils, which are a combination of sand, silt, and clay, can also hold onto moisture well, clay soils are the most effective at doing so due to their smaller particle size and tighter packing.

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ship building and textile manufacturing. Japan is one of the largest industrial regions in asia

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Based on the map, the area marked "M" is located in a tropical region with high humidity and temperatures. This type of climate is suitable for the cultivation of crops such as groundnuts and raffia palm. Groundnuts are a type of nut that grows underground and are commonly grown in tropical regions, while raffia palm is a type of palm tree that is also well-suited to grow in tropical climates. Cotton and millet, on the other hand, are typically grown in regions with lower temperatures and lower humidity. In conclusion, the area marked "M" is most suitable for the cultivation of groundnuts and raffia palm due to its tropical climate.

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A wind vane is used in measuring the direction of wind. A wind vane is a simple device that consists of a flat, light-weight plate attached to a pivot point, which is mounted on a tall pole or tower. As the wind blows, it moves the plate, which points in the direction from which the wind is coming. This makes it easy to determine the direction of the wind, which can be useful for weather forecasting, wind energy production, and other applications.

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A line on a map or chart connecting areas of equal rainfall is called an "isohyet." It's a type of line that is used in meteorology and climatology to show the distribution of precipitation or rainfall over an area. The word "isohyet" comes from Greek, where "iso" means equal and "hyetos" means rain. So, an isohyet shows areas that receive equal amounts of rainfall.

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To determine the time in a place that is 45 degrees east of another place, we need to consider the concept of time zones and how they are defined. The Earth is divided into 24 standard time zones, each of which is 15 degrees of longitude wide. This means that for every 15 degrees of longitude a location is east or west of the Prime Meridian (which runs through Greenwich, England), the time will be offset by one hour. Since Place X is not specified, we cannot determine its exact time zone. However, we can assume that it is in a time zone that is at least 45 degrees of longitude away from the Prime Meridian. This means that the time in Place X is at least 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). If we move 45 degrees of longitude to the east of Place X, we are effectively going back in time by 3 hours, since each time zone is 15 degrees wide and corresponds to a one hour difference in time. Therefore, the time in a place that is 45 degrees east of Place X would be 3 hours behind the time in Place X. Assuming that it is currently noon in Place X, the time in a place 45 degrees east would be 9 am (3 hours behind noon).

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The action of wind in a desert does not include glaciation. Glaciation is a geological process that involves the erosion and transportation of materials by glaciers, which are huge masses of ice. Since glaciers require extremely cold temperatures, they cannot exist in deserts, which are known for their hot and dry conditions. On the other hand, the other three options - abrasion, attrition, and deflation - are all common forms of wind erosion that can shape the landscape in desert environments. Abrasion refers to the grinding or scraping of rocks and other materials by blowing sand or other particles. Attrition refers to the wearing down of rocks and other materials through collisions with each other. Deflation refers to the lifting and removal of loose particles, such as sand and dust, from the surface of the ground by wind.

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The area marked E on the map of Nigeria is kano state and kano is known for its cultivation of groundnut. It is groundnut and most producing state in Nigeria

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30oE + 30oW = 60o, 1hour = 15o, therefore 60o gives 4 hours which means both are 4 hours interval. In time calculation, the west love an hour at every step which the est gains an hour. The wife is carrying the baby and calling the husband at 30oE, 1 am, so the husband at the west will loose an hour at every step.
1 am before 12 midnight, westward minus 3 hours gives 9 pm in Sunday. Therefore, the wife calls on Monday while the husband receives the call on Sunday at 9 pm.

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ECOWAS stands for the Economic Community of West African States. It is a regional economic group of 15 countries in West Africa, working together to promote economic integration and regional cooperation. Out of the countries you listed: - Guinea is a member state of ECOWAS. - Kenya is NOT a member state of ECOWAS. - Namibia is NOT a member state of ECOWAS. - Algeria is NOT a member state of ECOWAS. So, only Guinea is a member state of ECOWAS.

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Urban migration, or the movement of people from rural areas to cities, began as a result of industrial development. The growth of factories and industries in cities created job opportunities, attracting people from rural areas who were seeking better economic prospects. The presence of factories and industries also led to the development of other urban facilities and services, making cities more attractive places to live. As a result, people began moving to cities in large numbers, leading to the growth of urban populations and the development of large cities.

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The state in Nigeria that produces at least 70% of the country's total rubber production is Delta State. Rubber is an important agricultural commodity in Nigeria, and it is mostly grown in the southern parts of the country where the climate and soil are suitable for its cultivation. Delta State, located in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, is one of the major rubber producing states in the country. The state is known for its vast rubber plantations, which are cultivated by both smallholder farmers and large agribusinesses. The climate and soil in Delta State are ideal for rubber cultivation, and this has made the state a hub for rubber production in Nigeria. While Ogun State, Ondo State, and Cross River State also produce rubber, they do not contribute as much as Delta State to Nigeria's total rubber production. Therefore, it can be concluded that Delta State is the state that produces at least 70% of Nigeria's total rubber production.

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answer is 4, all other options are wrong because they are not too suitable for chain survey to their land forms(topography)
Plain topography is the most suitable in chain survey because in chain survey, the only instruments required are a pair of compass and a scale rule. On the plain topography there is no bend or contour which makes the setting of compass easy and chain throwing not be stressful

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The moon has no light and so depends on the sun. The same goes for the earth, when the moon comes in between the sun and earth, it block the light coming from the sun directly to earth, hence lunar eclipse occur.

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Conakry is the capital of Guinea. It is a city located in the western part of the country, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Guinea is a country in West Africa and Conakry serves as its political and administrative center.

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Farming is a primary economic activity. Primary economic activities involve the extraction of natural resources from the earth or the production of agricultural products. Farming falls under the category of primary economic activities as it involves the cultivation of crops and the raising of animals for food and other products. Manufacturing is a secondary economic activity as it involves the transformation of raw materials into finished products. Food processing is also a secondary economic activity as it involves the transformation of raw food materials into packaged or prepared food products. Transportation is a tertiary economic activity as it involves the movement of people or goods from one place to another. Tertiary economic activities involve providing services rather than producing or extracting raw materials. So, in summary, farming is a primary economic activity that involves the production of food and other agricultural products directly from the land.

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The export trade of Mali is based mainly on cotton. Cotton is a major cash crop in Mali and accounts for a significant portion of the country's exports. It is grown in various regions of the country, including Sikasso, Kayes, and Koulikoro. The cotton sector is an important source of income for small-scale farmers, who make up the majority of Mali's population. The cotton industry also provides employment for thousands of people in Mali, including those involved in the production, processing, and transportation of cotton. In recent years, efforts have been made to diversify Mali's exports and reduce the country's dependence on cotton, but it remains the most important export commodity.

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Wood carving is associated with the state of Edo, which is located in Nigeria. Edo is known for its rich cultural heritage and traditional arts, and wood carving is one of the most important and well-known forms of art in the region. The local craftsmen in Edo have been practicing wood carving for centuries, creating beautiful and intricate sculptures and carvings that are highly valued by art collectors and enthusiasts from around the world.

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The answer is 2 Most of their export are raw materials, Developing countries often depend on the developed countries to produce their raw material into finished product hence they tend to pay more when raw materials are processed and imported back. Bargaining power has little or no effect on international trade as most international deals with exchange of product. African countries most cases request for manufactured goods they needed rather than been paid

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Shifting cultivation occurs when a piece of land is left fallow for a while, mostly within a farming season for cultivation to be done on another piece of land. That has no damaging effect on the forest.
When trees are cut down for agricultural purposes, timber production and during excessive bush burning and grazing, the forest is often lost or reduced as there will be reduction in the numbers of trees available.
This often lead to erosion and desert enroachment

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Gold as a precious mineral has been mined in Ilesha (Osun state). Although its quantity is small as its often mineral with the use of digger, hoe and shovel to reach the ore concentrates. It is equally consumed locally

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The provision of modern and improved medical and social facilities to area tends to attract more population concentration to another.
Other options are wrong because the government being stable does not determine population growth, social amenities provided by the government is the only factor that can make the population growth low, either rainfall or not, people will migrate and reproduce.
The agricultural system practical in an area also does not determine rapid population growth. Either mono-cropping or mixed farming is practiced population will always grow.