JAMB UTME - Biology - 2018
Tambaya 1 Rahoto
A boy who is fond of swimming in a pond finds himself passing urine with traces of blood. He is likely to have contracted
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The boy who is fond of swimming in a pond and passes urine with traces of blood is likely to have contracted schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by a type of flatworm called Schistosoma that commonly inhabits freshwater snails and bodies of water such as ponds and lakes. When a person comes into contact with water contaminated with the parasite, it can penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream, where it eventually travels to the bladder or intestines and causes inflammation and damage to the tissues. This can lead to symptoms such as blood in the urine or stool, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia. If left untreated, schistosomiasis can lead to chronic health problems such as liver and kidney damage. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if experiencing symptoms after swimming or coming into contact with freshwater bodies in endemic areas.
Tambaya 2 Rahoto
Botany is also known as
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Botany is also known as "phytology". This term is derived from the Greek word "phyton", which means "plant". Phytology is the scientific study of plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, and classification. It involves the examination of plant anatomy, physiology, ecology, genetics, and evolution. Botanists also study the relationship between plants and their environment, including the interactions between plants and other organisms such as insects, fungi, and bacteria. Overall, phytology is an important field of study that helps us to better understand and appreciate the complexity and diversity of plant life on our planet.
Tambaya 3 Rahoto
A beaker of pond water containing few specimens of Euglena was placed in a dark room for two weeks. At the end of this period, the specimens of Euglena were still alive because they were
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Holozoic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that is characterized by the internalization (ingestion) and internal processing of gaseous, liquid or solid food particles. Protozoa, such as amoebas, and most of the free living animals,such as animals, exhibit this type of nutrition.
In holozoic nutrition the energy and organic building blocks are obtained by ingesting and then digesting other organisms or pieces of other organisms, including blood and decaying organic matter. This contrasts with holophytic nutrition, in which energy and organic building blocks are obtained through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and with saprozoic nutrition, in which digestive enzymes are released externally and the resulting monomers (small organic molecules) are absorbed directly from the environment.
Holophytic (plant-like), holozoic (animal- like), and saprophytic nutrition is found in Euglena. Euglena obtains its carbohydrate food by photosynthesis and nitrogenous food by absorption from the surroundings. Its holozoic nutrition is, however, doubtful.
In holozoic nutrition the energy and organic building blocks are obtained by ingesting and then digesting other organisms or pieces of other organisms, including blood and decaying organic matter. This contrasts with holophytic nutrition, in which energy and organic building blocks are obtained through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and with saprozoic nutrition, in which digestive enzymes are released externally and the resulting monomers (small organic molecules) are absorbed directly from the environment.
Holophytic (plant-like), holozoic (animal- like), and saprophytic nutrition is found in Euglena. Euglena obtains its carbohydrate food by photosynthesis and nitrogenous food by absorption from the surroundings. Its holozoic nutrition is, however, doubtful.
Tambaya 4 Rahoto
The damage to ozone layer is caused by
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Ozone sits in the upper atmosphere and absorbs ultraviolet radiaton, another type of solar energy that's harmful to humans, animals and plants. CFCs and halons cause chemical reactions that break down ozone molecules, reducing ozone's ultraviolet radiation-absorbing capacity. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODS) are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ozone depletion.
Tambaya 5 Rahoto
The greatest amount of energy would be obtained by the Oxidation of 100kg of
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To determine which of the given food items provides the greatest amount of energy upon oxidation, we need to compare their caloric content. Here's a general overview of the approximate caloric values per 100 grams for each type of food:
- Meat: Approximately 250 calories (varies depending on the type and cut of meat)
- Butter: Approximately 717 calories
- Sugar: Approximately 387 calories
- Biscuits: Approximately 450 calories (varies depending on ingredients and recipe)
Now, let's scale these values up to 100 kg (100,000 grams):
- Meat: 250 \, \text{calories/100g} \times 1000 = 250,000 \, \text{calories}250calories/100g×1000=250,000calories
- Butter: 717calories/100g×1000=717,000calories
- Sugar: 387calories/100g×1000=387,000calories
- Biscuits: 450calories/100g×1000=450,000calories
From these calculations, butter has the highest caloric content per 100 kg. Therefore, the greatest amount of energy will be obtained by the oxidation of 100 kg of:
B. butter
Tambaya 6 Rahoto
Which of the following animals is cold blooded?
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Reptiles are cold-blooded animals. This means that they cannot produce heat in their own bodies, and have to rely on their surroundings to keep warm. This is why most reptiles are found in hot or warm climates. Reptiles like snakes and lizards are this type of animal. Amphibians like frogs, toads, and salamanders are, too. Fish are also cold-blooded animals.
Tambaya 7 Rahoto
Which of the following statements is true about sandy soil?
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Sandy soils are well drained. They have low water holding capacity and are therefore drought prone. They become firm when wet (the opposite of clay), and loose when dry. Sandy soil is light and easy to dig.
Tambaya 8 Rahoto
Maltose is combination of glucose and
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Maltose is a disaccharide, which means it is made up of two simple sugar molecules. Specifically, maltose is made up of two glucose molecules that are joined together by a type of bond called a glycosidic bond.
Glucose is a monosaccharide, which means it is a simple sugar that cannot be broken down into any simpler sugars. Maltose is formed when two glucose molecules are linked together by a glycosidic bond. This bond is formed by the removal of a molecule of water between the two glucose molecules. The resulting molecule of maltose is therefore a combination of two glucose molecules.
Sucrose, on the other hand, is a different type of disaccharide that is made up of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule, while galactose is a monosaccharide that can combine with glucose to form lactose, a disaccharide found in milk.
So to summarize, maltose is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules that are linked together by a glycosidic bond. It is not made up of fructose, sucrose, or galactose.
Tambaya 9 Rahoto
DNA in eukaryotic cells is contained in the
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DNA in eukaryotic cells is contained in the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure found in eukaryotic cells that acts as the "brain" of the cell, controlling and regulating all of its functions. It is also where the cell's DNA is stored and protected, in a substance called chromatin. The DNA in the chromatin is organized into long structures called chromosomes, which are visible during cell division. In short, the nucleus is the place where the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is located and it plays a vital role in the functioning of the cell.
Tambaya 10 Rahoto
An animal which is active during the day is known as a
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An animal that is active during the day is known as a diurnal animal. This means that it is awake and active during the daytime hours, when the sun is shining, and typically sleeps or rests during the night. Diurnal animals have evolved to take advantage of the sunlight and are often adapted to see well in bright light. Examples of diurnal animals include humans, birds, squirrels, and many species of primates.
Tambaya 11 Rahoto
Name the blood cells in which nucleus is absent
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Like red cells, platelets (thrombocytes) have no nucleus. However, unlike red cells that originate in the marrow as nucleated cells and lose their nucleus, platelets are produced by budding off from a giant multinucleated marrow cell called a megakaryocyte.
Tambaya 12 Rahoto
Spectacles with convex lenses correct long-sightedness by
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Spectacles with convex lenses correct long-sightedness by converging the light rays before they enter the eye.
In long-sightedness, also known as hyperopia, the eyeball is too short, which causes light to focus behind the retina instead of directly on it. This results in blurry vision, especially when looking at close objects.
Convex lenses are thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges, and they bend light rays towards each other. When a person with long-sightedness wears spectacles with convex lenses, the lenses converge the light rays before they enter the eye, which compensates for the shortness of the eyeball. This causes the light rays to focus directly on the retina, which results in clearer vision.
Therefore, by converging the light rays before they enter the eye, convex lenses correct long-sightedness.
Tambaya 13 Rahoto
Which of the following organisms is a primary consumer?
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A primary consumer is an organism that feeds on primary producers. Primary consumers are usually herbivores that feed on autotrophic plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Tambaya 14 Rahoto
The yellowish colored liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in suspension is
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Blood plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension. In other words, it is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.
Tambaya 15 Rahoto
What would happen if solution Y is more concentrated than solution X in fig 2?
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Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Tambaya 16 Rahoto
Ozone hole refers to
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODS) are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ozone depletion.
Tambaya 17 Rahoto
An example of a radially symmetrical organisms is
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An example of a radially symmetrical organism is Hydra. Radial symmetry means that an organism has a circular shape and its body parts are arranged around a central axis, like the spokes on a wheel. Hydra is a small, freshwater animal that has a cylindrical body and tentacles that radiate out from its central axis. This type of symmetry allows Hydra to detect and capture prey from all directions. Planaria are also radially symmetrical flatworms, while tapeworms and roundworms are examples of organisms with bilateral symmetry, meaning that they have a distinct front and back and a left and right side.
Tambaya 18 Rahoto
Accessory material in a chicken egg include the following except
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The accessory materials found in a chicken egg include the albumen (the egg white), the shell membrane (the thin membrane that lines the inside of the eggshell), and the shell itself. The germinal disc, on the other hand, is not an accessory material, but rather an important part of the egg.
The germinal disc, also known as the blastoderm, is a small, round spot on the surface of the yolk that contains the genetic material necessary for the development of the embryo. It is located on the surface of the yolk and can be seen as a small white spot when you crack open an egg. This is where the sperm enters and fertilizes the egg, leading to the development of the embryo.
So to summarize, the accessory materials found in a chicken egg are the albumen, shell membrane, and shell, while the germinal disc is an essential part of the egg that is responsible for the development of the embryo.
Tambaya 19 Rahoto
At which stage in this cycle can a man be infected?
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In the animal's intestine, the oncospheres hatch, invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to the striated muscles, where they develop into cysticerci. A cysticercus can survive for several years in the animal. Humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat.
Tambaya 20 Rahoto
Cold blooded animals are referred to as
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Cold-blooded animals are referred to as "poikilothermic".
Poikilothermic animals are also known as "ectothermic" animals, which means that their body temperature is regulated by the environment around them. This is in contrast to "homoeothermic" animals, also known as "endothermic" animals, which can regulate their own body temperature internally.
Examples of poikilothermic animals include reptiles, amphibians, and most fish. These animals are often seen basking in the sun to warm up or seeking out cooler places in order to lower their body temperature. They are able to function at a range of different temperatures, but their bodily functions are often slower at cooler temperatures.
On the other hand, homoeothermic animals, such as mammals and birds, are able to maintain a stable internal body temperature, even when the temperature of their environment fluctuates. This allows them to function effectively in a wider range of environmental conditions.
Tambaya 21 Rahoto
The cytoplasm of a cell is considered a very important component because it
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The jelly-like fluid that fills a cell is called cytoplasm. It is made up of mostly water and salt. Cytoplasm is present within the cell membrane of all cell types and contains all organelles and cell parts. Cytoplasm has various functions in the cell.
Most of the important activities of the cell occur in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste and also aid in metabolic activity.
Most of the important activities of the cell occur in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste and also aid in metabolic activity.
Tambaya 22 Rahoto
An accurate identification of a rapist can be carried out by conducting
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An accurate identification of a rapist can be carried out by conducting DNA analysis. DNA analysis involves collecting and analyzing a sample of DNA from a suspect, such as a hair, skin, or semen sample, and comparing it to a sample of DNA taken from the crime scene. If the DNA profiles match, it can provide strong evidence linking the suspect to the crime.
Blood group tests and behavioral tests are not reliable methods for identifying a rapist, as they do not provide a unique identifier like DNA analysis does. Additionally, RNA analysis is not typically used for the identification of rapists. DNA analysis is the most scientifically accepted and accurate method for identifying individuals in criminal investigations, including sexual assault cases.
Tambaya 23 Rahoto
Which is an animal without red blood cells?
Bayanin Amsa
While humans and many other species have red blood, due to the iron in their hemoglobin, other animals have different colored blood. Spiders (as well as horseshoe crabs and certain other arthropods) have blue blood due to the presence of copper-based hemocyanin in their blood. Some animals, such as the sea cucumbers, even have yellow blood. What could make blood yellow? The yellow coloration is due to a high concentration of the yellow vanadium-based pigment, vanabin. Unlike hemoglobin and hemocyanin, vanabin does not seem to be involved in oxygen transport.
Tambaya 24 Rahoto
Which of the following processes removes carbon from the atmosphere?
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The process that removes carbon from the atmosphere is "photosynthesis".
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of carbon dioxide and water. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken in from the atmosphere and used to produce glucose, a type of sugar that serves as food for the plant. In this process, the carbon from CO2 is converted into organic carbon compounds, which are then used to build the plant's structure and stored in the plant's tissues. This means that photosynthesis helps to remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in the biomass of plants.
In contrast, processes such as putrefaction, volcanic eruption, and burning of fuels release carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and, in turn, to climate change.
Tambaya 25 Rahoto
A pollutant that is mostly associated with acid rain is
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The pollutant that is mostly associated with acid rain is nitrogen (IV) oxide, also known as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
NO2 is produced when fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are burned at high temperatures, particularly in vehicles and power plants. It is a gas that can react with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form nitric acid (HNO3), which can then fall to the ground as acid rain.
When acid rain falls on soil, it can lower the pH and make it more acidic. This can have negative effects on plants and animals that live in the soil, as well as on the quality of the water in lakes and streams. In addition, acid rain can corrode buildings and other structures made of stone, metal, or concrete.
To reduce the production of nitrogen (IV) oxide and the formation of acid rain, it is important to reduce the use of fossil fuels and to use cleaner sources of energy, such as wind, solar, and hydropower. Additionally, regulations and policies can be put in place to limit the emissions of nitrogen (IV) oxide from vehicles and power plants.
Tambaya 26 Rahoto
A distinguishing feature of mammals is the possession of
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One distinguishing feature of mammals is the possession of hair. Hair is a unique type of structure that grows from the skin of mammals and is made up of a protein called keratin. Hair serves many important functions in mammals, such as keeping the body warm, protecting the skin from damage, and providing sensory information. Hair can also be used for social communication, such as when a cat raises its fur to make itself look bigger and more intimidating. While other animals like reptiles may have scales, and birds may have feathers, only mammals have hair as a defining feature.
Tambaya 27 Rahoto
The temporary union of two organisms and the exchange of micronuclear elements is called
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The temporary union of two organisms and the exchange of micronuclear elements is called "conjugation".
Conjugation is a process of sexual reproduction in some single-celled organisms, such as certain bacteria and protozoa. During conjugation, two organisms come together and form a temporary union. They exchange genetic material through a small opening that forms between them, allowing the exchange of micronuclear elements, such as DNA.
The exchanged micronuclear elements contain genetic information that can be used to produce new offspring with different genetic traits from the parent organisms. This allows for increased genetic diversity within a population, which can be important for adaptation and evolution.
In summary, conjugation is a process of temporary union and genetic exchange between two organisms, which can lead to increased genetic diversity within a population.
Tambaya 28 Rahoto
Which of the following is a mixed gland?
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A mixed gland is a gland that is both exocrine and endocrine, for example, the pancreas. Pancreas is known as a mixed gland because it performs functions of both exocrine and endocrine glands.
\Tambaya 30 Rahoto
Man can contact tapeworm through
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Yes, a person can come into contact with tapeworms by ingesting uncooked or undercooked meat that contains tapeworm larvae. Tapeworms can infect animals such as cows, pigs, and fish, and when humans eat infected meat, they can get infected too. This is why it's important to cook meat thoroughly and to wash fruits and vegetables before eating them. Contact with tapeworms cannot occur through breathing or simple physical contact with an infected person or animal.
Tambaya 31 Rahoto
The reason why the flow of blood through the capillaries is very slow is
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The rate, or velocity, of blood flow varies inversely with the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels. As the total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases, the velocity of flow decreases. Blood flow is slowest in the capillaries, which allows time for exchange of gases and nutrients. Flow is slowest in the capillaries because of their larger cross-sectional area and narrow diameter.
Tambaya 32 Rahoto
The flippers of a whale and the fins of a fish are examples of
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The flippers of a whale and the fins of a fish are examples of convergent evolution.
Convergent evolution is a process where species that are not closely related, but live in similar environments, evolve similar structures or adaptations to solve similar problems. This is also known as "parallel evolution".
For example, whales and fish both live in water, and both need to be able to swim and maneuver. Over time, both species have evolved flippers or fins as a solution to these challenges, even though whales are mammals and fish are fish. This convergence of similar structures in unrelated species is a result of convergent evolution.
Tambaya 33 Rahoto
Evidence of evolution include the following except
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Note: Evolution is a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics.
Tambaya 34 Rahoto
The hormones secreted by pancreas serves to
Bayanin Amsa
The production of pancreatic hormones, including insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, and glucagon, play an important role in maintaining sugar and salt balance in our bodies.
Tambaya 35 Rahoto
In the egg of a bird, the embryo is located in the
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Special temporary organs or embryonic membranes form within the egg, both to protect the embryo and to provide for its nutrition, respiration, and excretion. These organs include the yolk sac. The yolk sac is also responsible for the initial circulation and is in charge of delivering nutrients, via a primitive aorta, to the developing embryo through a process called vitelline circulation.
Tambaya 36 Rahoto
The outer membrane that covers the brain is
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The outer membrane that covers the brain is called the "dura mater". It is a thick, tough, and fibrous layer that provides protection and support to the brain. The dura mater is the outermost layer of the three meninges (the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord). It lies closest to the skull and forms a barrier that separates the brain from the bones of the skull. The dura mater contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the brain and is responsible for anchoring the brain in place.
Tambaya 37 Rahoto
A man who is heterozygous for the disease haemophilia marries a woman who is double recessive for haemophilia. What percentage of their offspring would have the disease?
Bayanin Amsa
Haemophilia is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder. This means that the gene responsible for haemophilia is located on the X chromosome, and individuals with two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) will have the disease.
The man in this scenario is heterozygous, meaning he has one normal X chromosome and one X chromosome with the defective gene. The woman is double recessive, meaning she has two copies of the defective gene.
When the man and woman have offspring, each child will inherit one of their father's X chromosomes and one of their mother's X chromosomes.
The possible combinations of X chromosomes the children could inherit are:
- Normal X chromosome from the father and normal X chromosome from the mother
- Normal X chromosome from the father and defective X chromosome from the mother
- Defective X chromosome from the father and normal X chromosome from the mother
- Defective X chromosome from the father and defective X chromosome from the mother
Of these possible combinations, only the last one (defective X chromosome from both parents) will result in the child having haemophilia.
The probability of a child inheriting a defective X chromosome from the father is 50%, since the father is heterozygous. The probability of a child inheriting a defective X chromosome from the mother is 100%, since the mother is double recessive.
Therefore, the probability of a child inheriting a defective X chromosome from both parents and having haemophilia is 50% x 100% = 50%.
So the correct answer is: 50% of their offspring would have the disease.
Tambaya 38 Rahoto
The immediate product of meiosis in flowering plants is the
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Pollen grains form in the two pollen sacs located in the anther. Each pollen sac contains specialized chambers in which the microspore mother cells are enclosed and protected. The microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form four haploid microspores. Subsequently, mitotic divisions form four pollen grains. Inside each pollen grain is a generative cell; this cell will later divide to produce two sperm cells. Pollen grain shapes are specialized for specific flower species.
Tambaya 39 Rahoto
Use the diagram to answer the question. The breeding posture illustrated in the diagram is known as
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The breeding posture illustrated in the diagram is known as "amplexus". Amplexus is a mating behavior displayed by many amphibians, in which the male grasps the female with his front legs from behind and holds her in position during mating. This position helps the male to fertilize the eggs as they are laid by the female. Amplexus can be further classified into two types: axillary amplexus, in which the male grasps the female's body just behind the front legs, and inguinal amplexus, in which the male grasps the female's body in the pelvic region. This behavior is critical for the reproduction of many amphibian species, and without it, successful fertilization of the eggs would be less likely to occur.
Tambaya 40 Rahoto
The function of pith in plant is
Bayanin Amsa
Pith, or medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. Pith is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant. In eudicots, pith is located in the center of the stem. In monocots, it extends also into flowering stems and roots.
