Forces And Energy
Aperçu
Lift a bag of rice onto a shelf and you have just paid a bill. The bag was low down and now it is high up, and the difference between those two situations cost you something real: a force from your arms, moved through a distance. Physics has a single word for what you paid, and it is the same word whether the payer is a muscle, an engine, a stretched spring or a waterfall. That word is work, and the receipt it prints is measured in joules.
This lesson turns that idea into five equations you can put numbers into. You will learn what work really means and why holding something heavy above your head does none of it, how a stretched spring and a raised mass both hold energy in waiting, why a car travelling at twice the speed carries four times the kinetic energy and needs four times the distance to stop, and how power separates a machine that does a job quickly from one that does the same job slowly. Every equation you meet here is printed in the specification's own equation sheet, so the marks are never for reciting them: they are for knowing which one the question wants.
Objectifs
- Work is done when a force causes an object to move through a distance. The relationship between work done, W, force, F, and distance, d, moved in the direction of the force is: W = F ×d
- Energy is transferred when work is done. Work done against frictional forces causes energy transfer by heating. Students should be able to discuss the transfer of kinetic energy in particular situations, for example shuttle re-entry into the atmosphere or meteorites burning up in the atmosphere and braking systems on vehicles.
- The amount of elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring (assuming the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded) can be calculated using the equation: Ee = ½ × k × e 2
- An object gains gravitational potential energy when it is raised vertically because work is done against the gravitational force. The relationship between gravitational potential energy, Ep , mass, m, gravitational field strength, g, and height, h, is: Ep = m× g × h
- The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on its mass and its velocity. The relationship between kinetic energy, Ek , mass, m and velocity, v, is: Ek = ½ × m × v 2 Students should understand that when the mass of an object is doubled, if it is travelling at the same speed it will have twice the kinetic energy. They should understand that an object travelling at twice the speed of another object with the same mass will have four times the kinetic energy and should be able to apply this idea in the context of road safety.
- Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done. The relationship between power, P, work done, W, or energy transferred, E, and time, t, is: E P= t and W P= t
Carte mentale
Ce theme est schematise pour montrer comment les idees se relient.
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Note de cours
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Évaluation de la leçon
Félicitations, vous avez terminé la leçon sur Forces And Energy. Maintenant que vous avez exploré le concepts et idées clés, il est temps de mettre vos connaissances à lépreuve. Cette section propose une variété de pratiques des questions conçues pour renforcer votre compréhension et vous aider à évaluer votre compréhension de la matière.
Vous rencontrerez un mélange de types de questions, y compris des questions à choix multiple, des questions à réponse courte et des questions de rédaction. Chaque question est soigneusement conçue pour évaluer différents aspects de vos connaissances et de vos compétences en pensée critique.
Utilisez cette section d'évaluation comme une occasion de renforcer votre compréhension du sujet et d'identifier les domaines où vous pourriez avoir besoin d'étudier davantage. Ne soyez pas découragé par les défis que vous rencontrez ; considérez-les plutôt comme des opportunités de croissance et d'amélioration.
- A horizontal force of 20 N pushes a box 3.0 m across a floor in the direction of the force. How much work is done on the box? A. 6.7 J B. 17 J C. 23 J D. 60 J Answer: D
- A machine transfers 3000 J of energy in 15 s. What is its output power? A. 0.005 W B. 200 W C. 2000 W D. 45 000 W Answer: B
- A car has kinetic energy Ek when it travels at 10 m/s. What is its kinetic energy when it travels at 30 m/s? A. 3 x Ek B. 6 x Ek C. 9 x Ek D. 30 x Ek Answer: C
- A spring with a spring constant of 200 N/m is stretched by 0.10 m, within its limit of proportionality. How much elastic potential energy is stored in it? A. 1.0 J B. 2.0 J C. 10 J D. 20 J Answer: A
- A sledge slides across level ground and gradually comes to rest. What happens to its kinetic energy? A. It is destroyed by the friction B. It is transferred to the surroundings by heating C. It is stored as gravitational potential energy D. It is converted into a force Answer: B
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