Animal Husbandry WAEC

Formulation And Preparation Of Animal Feeds

Aperçu

A poultry farmer in Ogbomoso can buy a bag of finished broiler feed, or she can buy maize and groundnut cake separately and mix her own. The second option is far cheaper, but only if she gets the mixture right. Too little protein and her birds grow slowly; too much and she has wasted money on an ingredient she did not need. Feed formulation is the skill that answers the question precisely: how much of each ingredient, in what proportion, to hit a target nutrient level.

In this lesson you will learn the factors every formulator weighs before choosing ingredients, then master the Pearson square method, the simple diagonal-subtraction technique WAEC expects you to use for a two-ingredient ration. You will work through several fully calculated examples, then move from the recipe to the mixing shed: the methods and equipment used to turn a formulated ration into feed an animal can actually eat.

Objectifs

  1. Define feed formulation
  2. State the factors considered when formulating a ration
  3. Compute a simple balanced ration using the Pearson square method
  4. Explain the methods of feed preparation
  5. State the equipment used in feed preparation

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Note de cours

Two farmers near Kaduna buy the same maize and groundnut cake. One guesses the mixing proportions by eye and gets a ration too weak in protein. The other weighs out a calculated ratio and hits the target exactly, at the lowest cost. The difference is feed formulation: combining ingredients, in known proportions, to meet a stated nutrient target.

Évaluation de la leçon

Félicitations, vous avez terminé la leçon sur Formulation And Preparation Of Animal Feeds. Maintenant que vous avez exploré le concepts et idées clés, il est temps de mettre vos connaissances à lépreuve. Cette section propose une variété de pratiques des questions conçues pour renforcer votre compréhension et vous aider à évaluer votre compréhension de la matière.

Vous rencontrerez un mélange de types de questions, y compris des questions à choix multiple, des questions à réponse courte et des questions de rédaction. Chaque question est soigneusement conçue pour évaluer différents aspects de vos connaissances et de vos compétences en pensée critique.

Utilisez cette section d'évaluation comme une occasion de renforcer votre compréhension du sujet et d'identifier les domaines où vous pourriez avoir besoin d'étudier davantage. Ne soyez pas découragé par les défis que vous rencontrez ; considérez-les plutôt comme des opportunités de croissance et d'amélioration.

  1. Which of the following is NOT normally considered when formulating a livestock ration? A. Nutrient requirement of the animal B. Cost of ingredients C. Colour of the farmer's shirt D. Availability of ingredients Answer: C
  2. Two ingredients containing 10% and 40% crude protein are mixed, using the Pearson square, to obtain a ration with 20% crude protein. How many parts of the 40% ingredient are required? A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 Answer: A
  3. Which equipment is used to reduce feed ingredients to a uniform particle size before mixing? A. Weighing scale B. Pelleting machine C. Grinder or hammer mill D. Mixer Answer: C
  4. The main reason feed is pelleted rather than fed as a loose mash is to: A. Increase its moisture content B. Reduce selective feeding and feed wastage C. Reduce its crude protein content D. Remove the need to weigh ingredients Answer: B
  5. Maize (9% crude protein) and groundnut cake (45% crude protein) are blended using the Pearson square to give a 20% crude protein ration. What is the total number of parts in the mixture? A. 25 B. 11 C. 36 D. 45 Answer: C

Livres recommandés

Introduction to Animal Science: Global, Biological, Social and Industry Perspectives
Introduction to Animal Science: Global, Biological, Social and Industry Perspectives
Sous-titre: Sixth edition
Éditeur: Pearson
Année: 2017
ISBN: 978-0-13-443605-0
Description: A comprehensive introduction to animal science covering anatomy and physiology, nutrition, genetics, reproduction, animal health and the major farm animal species and their production systems.
Small-scale Poultry Production: Technical Guide
Small-scale Poultry Production: Technical Guide
Éditeur: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Année: 2004
ISBN: 978-92-5-105082-8
Description: An FAO Animal Production and Health Paper written by a Nigerian animal scientist, covering breeds, housing, feeding, incubation, disease control and marketing for small-scale poultry keepers in developing countries.
Tropical Animal Feeding: A Manual for Research Workers
Tropical Animal Feeding: A Manual for Research Workers
Éditeur: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Année: 1995
ISBN: 978-92-5-103758-4
Description: An FAO Animal Production and Health Paper on the principles of ruminant and non-ruminant nutrition and the practical use of tropical feed resources, including crop residues and by-products, in sustainable livestock systems.

Questions de révision

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WAEC SSCE - Animal Husbandry - 2014

Question 1 Rapport

(a) Explain the term malnutrition in farm animals.

(b) Distinguish between maintenance ration and production ration.

Détails de la réponse

(a) Meaning of malnutrition in farm animals

Malnutrition is a disorder that results when farm animals are fed with feed that is deficient in one or more essential nutrients, or in which the nutrients are supplied in the wrong proportion (either in excess or in short supply). It leads to poor health, retarded growth, low productivity, deficiency diseases and, in severe cases, death.

(b) Distinction between maintenance ration and production ration

Maintenance rationProduction ration
Amount of feed given to keep an animal alive and in good health.Feed given in addition to the maintenance ration.
Supports only basic body functions such as respiration, circulation and body temperature.Supports production such as growth, milk, eggs, meat, wool, work or reproduction.
Causes neither gain nor loss in body weight.Enables the animal to gain weight and yield products.
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