Biological Molecules And Enzymes
Aperçu
Every meal you eat is broken down into the same short list of chemical building blocks, and every reaction that keeps you alive, from digesting that meal to contracting a muscle, depends on a protein catalyst working at exactly the right temperature and pH. Get either wrong, as a raging fever or severe acidosis can, and the enzymes your body depends on stop working.
In this lesson you will learn the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, carry out the food tests and investigations used to detect them, and explore how enzymes work, what disrupts them, and how industry exploits immobilised enzymes to make products such as lactose-free milk and diabetic test strips.
Objectifs
- Know the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils)
- Understand the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugars, protein from amino acids, lipids from fatty acids and glycerol
- Describe the tests for glucose (a reducing sugar), starch, lipid and protein
- Investigate the qualitative and quantitative content of vitamin C in food
- Investigate the energy content of food
- Explain the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions
- Explain the action of enzymes and how their activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate concentration, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
- Investigate the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity
- Describe the advantages of using immobilised enzymes in the production of lactose-free milk, the conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose, and glucose testing strips for diabetics
- Investigate the action of immobilised enzymes including the preparation of alginate beads
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Note de cours
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Évaluation de la leçon
Félicitations, vous avez terminé la leçon sur Biological Molecules And Enzymes. Maintenant que vous avez exploré le concepts et idées clés, il est temps de mettre vos connaissances à l'épreuve. Cette section propose une variété de pratiques des questions conçues pour renforcer votre compréhension et vous aider à évaluer votre compréhension de la matière.
Vous rencontrerez un mélange de types de questions, y compris des questions à choix multiple, des questions à réponse courte et des questions de rédaction. Chaque question est soigneusement conçue pour évaluer différents aspects de vos connaissances et de vos compétences en pensée critique.
Utilisez cette section d'évaluation comme une occasion de renforcer votre compréhension du sujet et d'identifier les domaines où vous pourriez avoir besoin d'étudier davantage. Ne soyez pas découragé par les défis que vous rencontrez ; considérez-les plutôt comme des opportunités de croissance et d'amélioration.
- Which elements are found in proteins but not in carbohydrates? A) Carbon and hydrogen B) Hydrogen and oxygen C) Nitrogen (and sometimes sulfur) D) Only oxygen Answer: C
- Which reagent is used to test for a reducing sugar such as glucose? A) Iodine solution B) Biuret solution C) Benedict's solution D) Ethanol Answer: C
- What happens to an enzyme above its optimum temperature? A) It works faster indefinitely B) It becomes denatured C) It becomes immobilised D) It changes into a different enzyme Answer: B
- A competitive inhibitor reduces enzyme activity by: A) Destroying the substrate B) Binding to the active site and blocking the substrate C) Changing the enzyme's optimum pH D) Increasing the temperature of the reaction Answer: B
- Which enzyme is immobilised to produce lactose-free milk? A) Amylase B) Lactase C) Glucose oxidase D) Sucrase Answer: B
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Livres recommandés
Pour aller plus loin, ressources libres
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Section de manuel
Enzymes
Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways
"Biology: Enzymes" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/6-5-enzymes. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-introduction
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Section de manuel
Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Identify four types of organic molecules essential to human functioning
"Anatomy and Physiology: Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/2-5-organic-compounds-essential-to-human-functioning. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction
Publiées par d'autres organisations sous licence libre, créditées comme elles le demandent. Les liens ouvrent leurs sites.
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