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Question 1 Rapport
(a) Name four parts of the reproductive system of each of the following farm animals: (i) bull; (ii) hen.
(b) Give one function of each of the parts named in 3(a).
(c) Describe the process of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig.
(a) Parts of the reproductive system of:
(i) bull
- seminal vesicle
- testis
- spermatic cord
- scrotum
- urethra
- penis
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- cowper's gland
- prostate gland
(ii) Hen
- Ovary/oval/ovum
- shell gland/uterus
- Funnel/ infundibulum/Fallopian tube Vagina Sphincter
- magnum/ampulla
- Vagina
-isthmus
- Sphincter
- Cloaca
(b) Functions of parts named
Bull
Testis: sperm production, secretion of hormones
Scrotum: covers the testis and regulates the temperature of the testis
Urethra: passage for semen /sperm
Penis: copulatory organ, discharge and deposition of semen into reproductive organ of female.
Epididymis: transportation, concentration and storage of semen
Vas deferens: passage for sperm/semen into urethra
Seminal ‘Vesicle: produces a sugar rich fluid (fructose) for energy
Spermatic cord: supplies blood, nutrient and oxygen
Cowper's gland: secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralises acidity caused by the residual drops of urine.
Prostate gland: increases the volume of the ejaculate; helps to nourish the sperm: promotes movement of spermatozoon
Hen
Ovary: Production of ova, secretion of hormones
Funnel: Passage of ova into magnum; fertilisation of ova
Magnum: Secretion of albumen, formation of chalaza
Shell gland/uterus: Formation and deposition of shell, adds water to swell up the egg. Deposits minerals
Vagina: Copulatory organ, temporary storage of egg
Sphincter: Contracts to hold egg in vagina or relaxes to release egg into cloaca
Cloaca: Opening for laying egg
Isthmus: Secretes shell membrane, determines shape or the egg.
(C) Process of digestion of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig
- Tuber is chewed: ground with teeth/ masticated to reduce size.
- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft/moist/ lubricated.
- Amylase from saliva acts to break down starch to maltose.
- Food is rolled in IT the tongue and pushed back and swallowed.
Détails de la réponse
(a) Parts of the reproductive system of:
(i) bull
- seminal vesicle
- testis
- spermatic cord
- scrotum
- urethra
- penis
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- cowper's gland
- prostate gland
(ii) Hen
- Ovary/oval/ovum
- shell gland/uterus
- Funnel/ infundibulum/Fallopian tube Vagina Sphincter
- magnum/ampulla
- Vagina
-isthmus
- Sphincter
- Cloaca
(b) Functions of parts named
Bull
Testis: sperm production, secretion of hormones
Scrotum: covers the testis and regulates the temperature of the testis
Urethra: passage for semen /sperm
Penis: copulatory organ, discharge and deposition of semen into reproductive organ of female.
Epididymis: transportation, concentration and storage of semen
Vas deferens: passage for sperm/semen into urethra
Seminal ‘Vesicle: produces a sugar rich fluid (fructose) for energy
Spermatic cord: supplies blood, nutrient and oxygen
Cowper's gland: secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralises acidity caused by the residual drops of urine.
Prostate gland: increases the volume of the ejaculate; helps to nourish the sperm: promotes movement of spermatozoon
Hen
Ovary: Production of ova, secretion of hormones
Funnel: Passage of ova into magnum; fertilisation of ova
Magnum: Secretion of albumen, formation of chalaza
Shell gland/uterus: Formation and deposition of shell, adds water to swell up the egg. Deposits minerals
Vagina: Copulatory organ, temporary storage of egg
Sphincter: Contracts to hold egg in vagina or relaxes to release egg into cloaca
Cloaca: Opening for laying egg
Isthmus: Secretes shell membrane, determines shape or the egg.
(C) Process of digestion of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig
- Tuber is chewed: ground with teeth/ masticated to reduce size.
- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft/moist/ lubricated.
- Amylase from saliva acts to break down starch to maltose.
- Food is rolled in IT the tongue and pushed back and swallowed.
Question 2 Rapport
(a)i) Explain the term brooding as used in animal husbandry.
(ii) State four routine activities which are carried out in a brooder house.
(b) State four effects of parasites in livestock production.
(c) Mention four ways of controlling liver fluke in sheep production.
(d) Define the term artificial insemination as used in animal production.
(ii) State four advantages of artificial insemination in cattle production.
(a)i) Explanation of brooding as used in animal husbandry: lt is the provision of heat, feed, water medication, and protection for chicks/piglets in confinement from day old until they develop enough feathers/hairs.
(ii) Routine activities that are carried out in a brooder house:
- Provision of balanced diet/feed
- Provision of fresh and clean water.
- Provision of heat to chicks.
- Cleaning and washing of Water through.
- Removal and placement of litter.
- Vaccination/Medication.
- Culling of unproductive birds
- Separation of weak/injured birds from healthy flock.
- Ensure proper lighting especially at night
- Debeaking of birds at 6-8 weeks.
- Checking of inlet and outlet of pests
- Adjusting the hoover to make the chicks warm.
- Increasing the chick guard to make provision for growing chicks
- Ensure adequate ventilation
(b) Effects of parasite in livestock production:
- Cause diseases to animals vectors.
- Cause decline/decrease in productivity.
- Reduce the value of animal products/unattractive/market value
- Cause extra cost to farmer/reduce profit margin/reduced income.
- Cause stunted growth of animals/retarded growth.
- Cause anorexia/ loss of appetite.
- May cause the death of animals/coma.
- Block passage of food digestive tract.
- Cause restlessness.
- Loss of blood/causes anaemia
- Poor utilization of feed.
- Cause injury to animals.
- Farmers can be infested with the parasite.
(c) Ways of controlling liver fluke in sheep production:
- Destroy freshwater snails.
- Avoid grazing animals by riverside/Swampy area/water-logged areas.
- Proper drainage of water bodies.
- Deworm/drench animals with recommended drugs.
- Avoid wet pasture/early morning grazing.
- Practice rotational grazing/pasture management.
- Practice liming of pasture.
- Introduce ducks to swampy pasture/biological control
- Pasture rangeland burning.
(d)i. Definition of artificial insemination as used in animal production: It is the process by which sperm/semen is introduced in the female reproductive system of an animal on neat by means other than the use of natural mating
(ii) Advantages of artificial insemination:
- Use of Semen of proven bull to cross a wide range of cows
- Reduces the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.
- Enables the use of semen of lame, but fertile proven male
- Semen held in cold storage can be used for many years.
- Semen can be transported worldwide.
- lt prevents the use of oversized males
- Allows farmers to plan/synchronize parturition of cows.
Détails de la réponse
(a)i) Explanation of brooding as used in animal husbandry: lt is the provision of heat, feed, water medication, and protection for chicks/piglets in confinement from day old until they develop enough feathers/hairs.
(ii) Routine activities that are carried out in a brooder house:
- Provision of balanced diet/feed
- Provision of fresh and clean water.
- Provision of heat to chicks.
- Cleaning and washing of Water through.
- Removal and placement of litter.
- Vaccination/Medication.
- Culling of unproductive birds
- Separation of weak/injured birds from healthy flock.
- Ensure proper lighting especially at night
- Debeaking of birds at 6-8 weeks.
- Checking of inlet and outlet of pests
- Adjusting the hoover to make the chicks warm.
- Increasing the chick guard to make provision for growing chicks
- Ensure adequate ventilation
(b) Effects of parasite in livestock production:
- Cause diseases to animals vectors.
- Cause decline/decrease in productivity.
- Reduce the value of animal products/unattractive/market value
- Cause extra cost to farmer/reduce profit margin/reduced income.
- Cause stunted growth of animals/retarded growth.
- Cause anorexia/ loss of appetite.
- May cause the death of animals/coma.
- Block passage of food digestive tract.
- Cause restlessness.
- Loss of blood/causes anaemia
- Poor utilization of feed.
- Cause injury to animals.
- Farmers can be infested with the parasite.
(c) Ways of controlling liver fluke in sheep production:
- Destroy freshwater snails.
- Avoid grazing animals by riverside/Swampy area/water-logged areas.
- Proper drainage of water bodies.
- Deworm/drench animals with recommended drugs.
- Avoid wet pasture/early morning grazing.
- Practice rotational grazing/pasture management.
- Practice liming of pasture.
- Introduce ducks to swampy pasture/biological control
- Pasture rangeland burning.
(d)i. Definition of artificial insemination as used in animal production: It is the process by which sperm/semen is introduced in the female reproductive system of an animal on neat by means other than the use of natural mating
(ii) Advantages of artificial insemination:
- Use of Semen of proven bull to cross a wide range of cows
- Reduces the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.
- Enables the use of semen of lame, but fertile proven male
- Semen held in cold storage can be used for many years.
- Semen can be transported worldwide.
- lt prevents the use of oversized males
- Allows farmers to plan/synchronize parturition of cows.
Question 3 Rapport
(a) Name three management systems in farm animal production.
(b) State three ways in which housing is important in the management of farm animals.
(c) Mention four advantages associated with each of the following systems of keeping animals: (i) deep litter (i i) battery cage
(d) State three features of a suitable housing unit for rearing each of the following animals: (a) snails (ii) grasscutter
(a) Management systems in farm animal production: (i) Extensive system (ii) Intensive system (iii) Semi-intensive system
(b) Importance of housing for farm animals: (i) Protection from unfavourable weather conditions (ii) Confinement of animals is to ease management/feeding/water sup-ply/sanitation/vaccination (iii) It gives comfort to animals for optimal production (iv) Protection from vermin, e.g snakes, rats/predators/wild animals (v) Limit spread of contagious diseases/ensures biosecurity (vi) Protection from theft (vii) Facilitates record keeping.
(c) (i) Advantages of deep litter system: (i) Used litter materials can be used as organic manure,
(ii) Suitable for fertile egg production/breeding purposes (iii) Droppings as absorbed and easier to remove
(iv) wood shaving act as insulator and so controls floor temperature (v) Birds are protected from bad weather (vi) There is room for birds to exercise (vii) Less capital intensive.
(ii) Advantages of battery cage system: (i) Birds do not have direct contact with droppings thereby avoiding infections
(ii) Egg pecking is reduced (iii) Egg collection is less stressful (iv) Birds conserve energy (v) Better feed utilization (vi) Record keeping is easy (vii) Labour use is minimal (viii) Clean eggs are obtained (ix) It eliminates cannibalism/feather pecking
(x) It reduces spread of contagious diseases (xi) Easy identification of sick birds (xii) Less space/land is required
(d) Features of a suitable housing unit: (i) Snails: (i) High humidity (ii) Adequate shade (iii) Suitable temperature
(iv) Soil should be sandy/loam/moist environment/leaf litter (v) Letted cages/pit (vi) Spacious enclosures (vii) Separate apartments for differents ages and breed
(viii) Must be fortified to prevent escape
(ii) Grass cutters: (i) Fortified hutches/cages/metal/concrete (ii) Fair illumination for rearing (iii) Adequate ventilation (iv) High wall
(v) Spacious enclosures (vi) Shaded compartments (vii) Easy to clean floors.
Détails de la réponse
(a) Management systems in farm animal production: (i) Extensive system (ii) Intensive system (iii) Semi-intensive system
(b) Importance of housing for farm animals: (i) Protection from unfavourable weather conditions (ii) Confinement of animals is to ease management/feeding/water sup-ply/sanitation/vaccination (iii) It gives comfort to animals for optimal production (iv) Protection from vermin, e.g snakes, rats/predators/wild animals (v) Limit spread of contagious diseases/ensures biosecurity (vi) Protection from theft (vii) Facilitates record keeping.
(c) (i) Advantages of deep litter system: (i) Used litter materials can be used as organic manure,
(ii) Suitable for fertile egg production/breeding purposes (iii) Droppings as absorbed and easier to remove
(iv) wood shaving act as insulator and so controls floor temperature (v) Birds are protected from bad weather (vi) There is room for birds to exercise (vii) Less capital intensive.
(ii) Advantages of battery cage system: (i) Birds do not have direct contact with droppings thereby avoiding infections
(ii) Egg pecking is reduced (iii) Egg collection is less stressful (iv) Birds conserve energy (v) Better feed utilization (vi) Record keeping is easy (vii) Labour use is minimal (viii) Clean eggs are obtained (ix) It eliminates cannibalism/feather pecking
(x) It reduces spread of contagious diseases (xi) Easy identification of sick birds (xii) Less space/land is required
(d) Features of a suitable housing unit: (i) Snails: (i) High humidity (ii) Adequate shade (iii) Suitable temperature
(iv) Soil should be sandy/loam/moist environment/leaf litter (v) Letted cages/pit (vi) Spacious enclosures (vii) Separate apartments for differents ages and breed
(viii) Must be fortified to prevent escape
(ii) Grass cutters: (i) Fortified hutches/cages/metal/concrete (ii) Fair illumination for rearing (iii) Adequate ventilation (iv) High wall
(v) Spacious enclosures (vi) Shaded compartments (vii) Easy to clean floors.
Question 4 Rapport
a) List three equipment used on a dairy farm.
b) Outline the steps involved in the pasteurization of milk.
c) State four roles of each of the following agents in the marketing of animal products:
(i) wholesaler;
(ii) retailer.
d) State three advantages of each of the following agents involved in the marketing of animal products:
(i) marketing boards;
(ii) co-operative societies.
(a) Equipment used on a dairy farm;
(b) Steps involved in the pasteurization of milk;
(c) Roles of agents in the marketing of animal products;
Retailer
(d) Advantages of agents in the marketing of animal products;
(ii) Co-operative societies
Détails de la réponse
(a) Equipment used on a dairy farm;
(b) Steps involved in the pasteurization of milk;
(c) Roles of agents in the marketing of animal products;
Retailer
(d) Advantages of agents in the marketing of animal products;
(ii) Co-operative societies
Question 5 Rapport
(a) Mention five ways of preventing malnutrition in farm animals.
(b) Discuss rickets in farm animals stating two points each under the following headings.
(i) causes:
(ii) symptoms:
(iii) control measures
(iv) animals which could be affected
(c) Explain the term additive as used in animal nutrition
(d) State five reasons why additives are included in animal feed
(a) Ways of Preventing Malnutrition in Farm Animals:
- Provide sufficient ration.
- Always feed a balanced diet
- Feed weaker animals separately
- Provide supplementary feed to animals.
- Provide feed additives.
- Deworm arm animals regularly
- Use appropriate stocking rate of farm animals
- Provide quality and adequate drinking water.
- Protect animals from toxic plants and harmful substances
- Treat against ectoparasites/dip animals regularly.
(b) Discussion on rickets in farm animals:
(i) Causes:
-Calcium deficiency.
- Phosphorus deficiency.
- Calcium
- Phosphorus imbalance.
- Vitamin D deficiencies
(ii) Symptoms:
- Retarded growth.
- lmproper coordination
- Staggering gait
- Flexible and curved hones bow leg
- Soft-shelled/shelless eggs in poultry.
- Low egg production in poultry.
- Low milk production
(iii) Control measures:
- Add bone meal/oyster shell to feed/provide calcium and phosphorus.
- Sup balanced diet.
- Exposure to moderate.
- Supplement feed with vitamin D.
(iv) Animal which could be affected:
- Poultry, e.g. chicken, turkey.
- Cattle.
- Sheep.
- Goat.
- Pig.
- Rabbit
- Donkey
- Camel.
- Horse.
- Gras cutter
(c) Explanation of additives as used in animal nutrition: Ingredients added to a diet perform a specific role, e.g. to improve the growth of feed efficiency.
- Substances added to feed in small quantities which may or may not Supply nutrients.
(d) Reasons why additives are included in animal feed:
- To provide appetite and encourage feed consumption.
- To supply nutrients to farm animals
- To improve the nutritional value of feed e.g enzymes, herbal products.
- Prevention and treatment of some specific diseases.
- To deworm farm animals.
- For promoting growth.
- As a binder to make certain. target nutrients available.
Détails de la réponse
(a) Ways of Preventing Malnutrition in Farm Animals:
- Provide sufficient ration.
- Always feed a balanced diet
- Feed weaker animals separately
- Provide supplementary feed to animals.
- Provide feed additives.
- Deworm arm animals regularly
- Use appropriate stocking rate of farm animals
- Provide quality and adequate drinking water.
- Protect animals from toxic plants and harmful substances
- Treat against ectoparasites/dip animals regularly.
(b) Discussion on rickets in farm animals:
(i) Causes:
-Calcium deficiency.
- Phosphorus deficiency.
- Calcium
- Phosphorus imbalance.
- Vitamin D deficiencies
(ii) Symptoms:
- Retarded growth.
- lmproper coordination
- Staggering gait
- Flexible and curved hones bow leg
- Soft-shelled/shelless eggs in poultry.
- Low egg production in poultry.
- Low milk production
(iii) Control measures:
- Add bone meal/oyster shell to feed/provide calcium and phosphorus.
- Sup balanced diet.
- Exposure to moderate.
- Supplement feed with vitamin D.
(iv) Animal which could be affected:
- Poultry, e.g. chicken, turkey.
- Cattle.
- Sheep.
- Goat.
- Pig.
- Rabbit
- Donkey
- Camel.
- Horse.
- Gras cutter
(c) Explanation of additives as used in animal nutrition: Ingredients added to a diet perform a specific role, e.g. to improve the growth of feed efficiency.
- Substances added to feed in small quantities which may or may not Supply nutrients.
(d) Reasons why additives are included in animal feed:
- To provide appetite and encourage feed consumption.
- To supply nutrients to farm animals
- To improve the nutritional value of feed e.g enzymes, herbal products.
- Prevention and treatment of some specific diseases.
- To deworm farm animals.
- For promoting growth.
- As a binder to make certain. target nutrients available.
Question 6 Rapport
(a) Define the term animal improvement.
(b) (i) Explain the term introduction as used in animal improvement. (ii) State three advantages and three disadvantages of introduction as a method of animal improvement
(c)(i) Define the term progeny selection (ii) State five desirable characteristics that could be used in selecting animals used for improvement.
(d) State three advantages of artificial insemination.
(a) Definition of animal improvement: Refers to techniques used in developing and breeding animals with greatest merit/better characters over the existing ones OR Refers to the process of transferring superior characters from one domesticated animal to another of the same species.
(b) (i) Explanation of the term introduction: It is the process of bringing an animal with high quality into a farm/country/environment.
(ii) Advantages of introduction: (1) Increases population of desirable breed (2) Genetic diversity of animals is increased
(3) Introduced breed can bring about rapid improvement of local breed (4) Breeds better than the local breeds are obtained/high productivity.
(iii) Disadvantages of introduction:
(1) New diseases could be introduced
(2) New pests/parasites could be introduced
(3) New animal may be susceptible to local
(4) Could lead to loss of indigenous breed
(5) Hidden undesirable trait may manifest
(6) Animal may not perform optimally if it does not adapt to the new environment.
(c) (i) Definition of progeny selection: It is the choosing/selecting an animal based on the performance of the offspring for breed purpose. (ii) Desirable characteristics for selecting animals for improvement: (i) Body conformation (ii) Yield/Productivity, e.g milk yield, egg laying (iii) Quality of product (iv) Resistance to diseases (v) Resistance to pest (vi) Feed conversion ability ratio
(vii) Growth rate (viii) Fertility (ix) Birth weight
(x) Lilter size/high fecundity/proliferacy (xi)Adaptation to the environment (xii ) Coat/feather colour (xiii) Early
maturity/puberty.
(d) Advantages of artificial insemination: (i) Makes it possible for more than one animal to conceive from one ejaculation
(ii) Cost of rearing/ maintaining a proven bull is reduced/eliminated/less
expensive than natural mating/few bulls are kept.(iii) Reduces the spread of venereal diseases
(iv) It is possible to use the semen of a proven bull long after it is dead (v) Indiscriminate mating is avoided/eliminated
(vi) Conception rate is increased/ A.I Precision (vii) Semen is not wasted/store for a long time
(viii) Makes it possible to release more males for sale (ix) Semen from deformed/physically handicapped animal can be used
(x) Challenge of importing male animal is eliminated (xi) Rapid increase in production is achieved.
Détails de la réponse
(a) Definition of animal improvement: Refers to techniques used in developing and breeding animals with greatest merit/better characters over the existing ones OR Refers to the process of transferring superior characters from one domesticated animal to another of the same species.
(b) (i) Explanation of the term introduction: It is the process of bringing an animal with high quality into a farm/country/environment.
(ii) Advantages of introduction: (1) Increases population of desirable breed (2) Genetic diversity of animals is increased
(3) Introduced breed can bring about rapid improvement of local breed (4) Breeds better than the local breeds are obtained/high productivity.
(iii) Disadvantages of introduction:
(1) New diseases could be introduced
(2) New pests/parasites could be introduced
(3) New animal may be susceptible to local
(4) Could lead to loss of indigenous breed
(5) Hidden undesirable trait may manifest
(6) Animal may not perform optimally if it does not adapt to the new environment.
(c) (i) Definition of progeny selection: It is the choosing/selecting an animal based on the performance of the offspring for breed purpose. (ii) Desirable characteristics for selecting animals for improvement: (i) Body conformation (ii) Yield/Productivity, e.g milk yield, egg laying (iii) Quality of product (iv) Resistance to diseases (v) Resistance to pest (vi) Feed conversion ability ratio
(vii) Growth rate (viii) Fertility (ix) Birth weight
(x) Lilter size/high fecundity/proliferacy (xi)Adaptation to the environment (xii ) Coat/feather colour (xiii) Early
maturity/puberty.
(d) Advantages of artificial insemination: (i) Makes it possible for more than one animal to conceive from one ejaculation
(ii) Cost of rearing/ maintaining a proven bull is reduced/eliminated/less
expensive than natural mating/few bulls are kept.(iii) Reduces the spread of venereal diseases
(iv) It is possible to use the semen of a proven bull long after it is dead (v) Indiscriminate mating is avoided/eliminated
(vi) Conception rate is increased/ A.I Precision (vii) Semen is not wasted/store for a long time
(viii) Makes it possible to release more males for sale (ix) Semen from deformed/physically handicapped animal can be used
(x) Challenge of importing male animal is eliminated (xi) Rapid increase in production is achieved.
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