WAEC SSCE - Civic Education - 2016

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HIV/AIDS is a deadly disease that affects millions of people worldwide. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, several preventive measures can be taken to reduce the spread of the disease. Abstinence, screening of blood before transfusion, and use of barrier methods like condoms are some of the most effective preventive measures of HIV/AIDS. However, stigmatization of victims is not a preventive measure of HIV/AIDS. Stigmatization can lead to discrimination and social exclusion of infected individuals, making it difficult for them to access medical care and support. Instead, creating awareness, providing access to healthcare and counseling, and promoting safe sex practices are some of the effective measures to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.

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Détails de la réponse

Lack of interest in politics by citizens in a country is referred to as apathy. Apathy is a state of lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern towards a particular thing, in this case, politics. When citizens are apathetic towards politics, they tend to be disengaged from the political process, which can lead to a lack of accountability and good governance. It is important for citizens to participate in politics by exercising their right to vote and holding elected officials accountable.

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The fourth schedule of the 1999 constitution of Nigeria outlines the functions of Local Government. Local government is the third tier of government in Nigeria, with functions that are mainly focused on the grassroots level. The fourth schedule of the constitution outlines the responsibilities of local government, including the provision and maintenance of public amenities such as markets, motor parks, and public toilets; the collection of rates, taxes, and other revenue sources; the establishment and maintenance of primary schools; and the development of agriculture and natural resources in the local government area.

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The citizens can make the country better by being committed to championing moral values. The monologue describes the country as bedeviled with evil, engulfed in darkness, and on the edge of total moral collapse due to the prevalence of corruption, fraud, deception, dishonesty, drug peddling, radicalism, prostitution, cultism, and examination malpractice among other social vices. Thus, promoting moral values such as honesty, integrity, accountability, respect for the rule of law, and ethical behavior can go a long way in addressing these societal problems and transforming the country positively.

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United Action for Democracy is an example of civil society. Civil society refers to a group of organizations and institutions that operate independently of the government and aim to promote the interests and well-being of the citizens. United Action for Democracy is a non-governmental organization in Nigeria that advocates for democracy, human rights, and good governance. It operates independently of the government and seeks to promote the interests of the citizens through peaceful and nonviolent means. Therefore, it is a good example of a civil society organization.

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The Supreme Court of Nigeria helps in law interpretation. It is the highest court in the land and has the final say on legal matters in Nigeria. It interprets the Constitution and other laws, determines the limits of government power, and resolves disputes between individuals, corporations, and government bodies. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding on all lower courts in Nigeria, and its interpretations of the law serve as precedent for future cases. Therefore, the Supreme Court plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper application and interpretation of the law in Nigeria.

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The Traffic in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act was passed in Nigeria in 2003. The act is aimed at preventing and prohibiting human trafficking and punishing offenders. The act makes it illegal to recruit, transport, transfer, harbour, or receive persons by means of threat or use of force, coercion, deception, or other forms of exploitation for the purpose of exploitation. The act also provides for the protection and rehabilitation of victims of human trafficking.

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Orderliness can be defined as doing things in a proper way. It involves organizing things or activities in a manner that is efficient, effective, and makes sense. Being orderly means paying attention to details, planning ahead, following established procedures, and keeping things neat and tidy. For example, an orderly person would keep their workspace clean and organized, arrange their schedule in a logical way, and follow rules and regulations. Overall, orderliness helps to ensure that things run smoothly and efficiently, which can lead to better outcomes and success in various aspects of life.

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Human trafficking is a crime that involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat, force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of power for the purpose of exploitation. The effects of human trafficking on the victims are often devastating and can include physical and emotional abuse, sexual exploitation, forced labor, and loss of freedom. Victims can suffer from physical injuries, illnesses, and psychological trauma, as well as social isolation, shame, and stigmatization. They may also experience economic instability and poverty, and have limited access to education, healthcare, and other basic services. Overall, human trafficking leads to the exploitation and harm of individuals, and violates their fundamental human rights.

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Détails de la réponse

The general attitude of government and society towards cultism is that of abhorrence. Cultism is viewed as a social vice that promotes violence, lawlessness, and other criminal activities. It is generally condemned by the government, law enforcement agencies, and civil society groups who work together to combat cultism and its negative effects on society. The government has enacted laws to prohibit cult activities and impose penalties on those who engage in them. In addition, public enlightenment campaigns are carried out to educate the public on the dangers of cultism and discourage its practice. Overall, the government and society's stance on cultism is one of strong disapproval and active efforts to eradicate it.

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Détails de la réponse

Civil society groups are non-governmental organizations that promote the interests of society as a whole. They typically use nonviolent means to achieve their objectives. Violence, therefore, is not an instrument used by civil society groups as it goes against their nonviolent approach to advocacy.

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Détails de la réponse

The most important place for building good values is the family. This is because the family is usually the first and most important social institution that a child comes in contact with, and it plays a critical role in shaping the child's worldview, attitudes, and beliefs. Parents, siblings, and other family members serve as role models and provide guidance on how to behave, interact with others, and make decisions. They also provide emotional support, which is essential for building a strong sense of self-worth and self-esteem in children. Therefore, the family is the foundation upon which a child's values and morals are built, and it is crucial that parents and other family members model good behavior and instill positive values in their children.

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Cosmetics cannot be easily abused. Cosmetics are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance of the face or fragrance and texture of the body. They are not typically ingested or consumed in large quantities, unlike other substances like stimulants, tobacco, and narcotics, which can be easily abused. Therefore, cosmetics are unlikely to be abused in the same way as these other substances.

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Détails de la réponse

One of the main reasons leaders fail to protect the interest of their followers is selfishness. When leaders are more concerned about their own personal gain and well-being rather than the welfare of their constituents, they may engage in corrupt practices and make decisions that benefit themselves rather than the people they were elected to serve. This can lead to a lack of accountability, transparency, and trust between the leader and the people. Leaders who prioritize their own interests over the interests of the people can also be less likely to seek input and feedback from their constituents, leading to a lack of representation and responsiveness. Ultimately, this can have negative consequences for the well-being and development of the society as a whole.

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The open trial of Dr. Fajir and his representation by a lawyer of his choice in a court of competent jurisdiction is an indication of freedom of legal representation. This means that Dr. Fajir was entitled to choose a lawyer to represent him in court and he was granted an open trial. Freedom of legal representation is a fundamental human right that ensures that everyone is entitled to legal representation regardless of their status or offense. It allows individuals to have a fair trial and access to justice. Therefore, the fact that Dr. Fajir was granted this right is a clear indication that the legal system in the Ganiba Republic respects the right to legal representation.

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Civil society groups perform many important roles during general elections, but they do not typically count votes. The responsibility of counting votes falls to the electoral commission or other designated government agencies. Civil society groups, on the other hand, are often involved in promoting voter education, serving as watchdogs to ensure that the election process is fair and transparent, and stimulating participation through voter mobilization and other activities. By doing so, civil society groups help to ensure that elections are free and fair, and that citizens have confidence in the electoral process.

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Drug abuse can lead to many negative consequences, including physical and mental health problems. One of these consequences is depression, which can be caused by changes in brain chemistry due to drug use. Inefficiency is also a possible consequence, as drug abuse can impair cognitive function and work performance. However, cowardice and victimization are not commonly associated with drug abuse.

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Youth empowerment promotes self-reliance. This means that young people are equipped with the necessary skills, knowledge, and resources to become financially independent and contribute to their communities. It involves providing opportunities for education, training, and entrepreneurship so that young people can develop their talents, pursue their passions, and build a better future for themselves and their families. By promoting self-reliance, youth empowerment also helps to reduce poverty and unemployment, improve social inclusion, and create a more sustainable society.

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Détails de la réponse

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Cultism can best be discouraged through sensitization on the dangers of cultism. Cultism is a dangerous practice that involves secret societies with their own rituals, beliefs, and codes of conduct. It often involves violence, intimidation, and other criminal activities. Sensitization on the dangers of cultism helps to educate people about the negative consequences of joining a cult, such as loss of life, imprisonment, and ruined future prospects. It also helps to raise awareness about the negative impact of cultism on society and the importance of shunning such practices. Sensitization can be done through various means such as public campaigns, seminars, workshops, and awareness programs. By discouraging cultism, individuals are encouraged to pursue positive activities that would benefit themselves and society at large.

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Orderliness refers to the quality of being well-organized and methodical. It involves following rules and regulations, behaving in a disciplined manner, and maintaining a neat and tidy environment. Out of the given options, 'deviance' is not an example of orderliness. Deviance refers to the act of departing from the norm or accepted standards of behavior. It involves going against the rules and regulations set by society or an organization. Therefore, deviance is the option that is not an example of orderliness.

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Détails de la réponse

Based on the description given, the motherland in the monologue can be best described as an "ethically bankrupt country". The statement highlights the prevalence of social vices such as corruption, fraud, deception, dishonesty, drug peddling, radicalism, prostitution, cultism, and examination malpractice. These vices are indicators of a lack of ethical values and principles in the society, suggesting that the country is in a state of moral decay. Therefore, it can be inferred that the motherland is ethically bankrupt.

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Détails de la réponse

The statement that is not correct is "flowing garment can be worn on a motorcycle or bicycle." This is because wearing a flowing garment on a motorcycle or bicycle can be dangerous as it can get caught in the wheels or other parts of the vehicle, leading to accidents or injuries. It is recommended to wear appropriate clothing that is comfortable and safe while driving a motorcycle or bicycle.

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One of the major complaints against public service is inefficiency. Inefficiency refers to the inability of the public service to perform its duties effectively and efficiently. This may be due to various factors such as lack of adequate resources, poor management, corruption, lack of training and skills, among others. When public service is inefficient, it can lead to poor service delivery, delays, frustration among citizens, and a lack of trust in the government.

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Détails de la réponse

Drug law enforcement agencies are not empowered to execute drug suspects. This means that drug law enforcement agencies are not allowed to carry out death sentences or extrajudicial killings of individuals suspected of drug-related crimes. Instead, they are tasked with the responsibility of investigating and arresting drug barons, prosecuting drug traffickers in a court of law, and rehabilitating drug addicts. The use of lethal force is only permitted in cases of self-defense or when the life of a law enforcement officer is in danger.

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Cult members are particularly hostile to perceived enemies. Cults are groups or organizations that usually have religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs that are different from mainstream society. They can also have strict and often oppressive rules for their members. Members of cults may see anyone outside of their group as a threat to their beliefs or way of life, and may become hostile towards them. They may also view dissent within their own group as a threat and react with aggression towards their own members.

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The consequence of lack of understanding between the Iwuya and Ipaja is inter-communal feud. When there is a lack of understanding between different communities or groups within a society, it can lead to conflicts and tensions between them, which can escalate into inter-communal feud. This can result in violence, destruction of property, displacement of people, and even loss of lives. Therefore, it is important for communities to promote understanding and peaceful coexistence to prevent such conflicts and promote social harmony.

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The administrative class in the public service is responsible for implementing policies. This means that they are the ones who put the policies that have been formulated by the government or other higher authorities into action. They work on the ground to ensure that the policies are properly implemented and that the goals set by the policies are achieved. They are also responsible for monitoring and evaluating the impact of the policies, making necessary adjustments and providing feedback to the policymakers. In summary, the administrative class plays a crucial role in ensuring the effective implementation of policies and achieving the goals set by the government.

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The opening phrase "we the people of the federal republic of Nigeria" is usually found in the preamble of the Nigerian Constitution. The preamble is an introductory statement that sets forth the purpose and guiding principles of the constitution. It outlines the aspirations and objectives of the Nigerian people as a sovereign entity, and serves as a reminder that the Constitution is an instrument created by and for the people. The preamble is an important part of the constitution, as it sets the tone for the entire document and provides a framework for the interpretation of its provisions.

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Ballot box stuffing is not a form of political participation, as it involves illegal and fraudulent manipulation of the election process. It is a form of election malpractice, where extra votes are added to a ballot box in order to influence the outcome of an election. In contrast, the other options listed are forms of legitimate political participation. Taking part in voter registration exercises is the first step to being able to vote, joining a political party allows an individual to be part of the decision-making process within the party, and voting during an election is a fundamental right and responsibility of citizens in a democratic society.

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Children who are not properly cared for are more prone to developing a criminal attitude. When children are neglected, abused, or deprived of basic needs like food, shelter, and education, they can develop anger, frustration, and a sense of hopelessness. This can lead them to engage in criminal activities as a means of survival or as a way to express their frustrations. In addition, they may also lack the necessary skills to succeed in life, such as the ability to communicate effectively or to solve problems, which can contribute to their involvement in criminal activities. Therefore, it is important to ensure that children are provided with a safe, nurturing environment and are given the resources they need to succeed in life.

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The option that is not a means of reducing the incidence of HIV/AIDS in our society is "the use of specially designed cutleries by victims." This is because HIV/AIDS is not transmitted through sharing cutleries or any form of casual contact. The most effective ways to reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS are through education and enlightenment programs that promote safer sex practices, including the use of condoms, abstinence, and mutual fidelity in monogamous relationships. Additionally, upholding the value of chastity and avoiding premarital and extramarital sex can also help prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.

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Citizenship education is the process of learning and acquiring knowledge about one's rights and responsibilities as a citizen. It also includes understanding the structure and workings of government, social justice, and civic engagement. Therefore, citizenship education influences an individual to be patriotic by instilling a sense of love and loyalty towards one's country, as well as a desire to participate in and contribute to the development of the nation. It also helps to develop competencies such as critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills, which are important in making informed decisions and taking actions that benefit society. On the other hand, it discourages complacency and apathy towards civic duties, ensuring that citizens are actively engaged and informed participants in the democratic process. Overall, citizenship education helps individuals become responsible, informed, and engaged citizens who actively participate in building and sustaining a better society.

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Détails de la réponse

Ayo's remarks in the dialogue emphasize the importance of peace for societal progress and development. He suggests that instead of keeping old weapons of war in a museum, the focus should be on adopting modern methods of conflict resolution that prioritize peace. This implies that peaceful coexistence is necessary for any society to progress and develop, and conflicts can hinder this progress. Therefore, the importance of promoting peace and resolving conflicts in a non-violent manner is highlighted in Ayo's remarks.

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The process of enabling someone to perform an action which adds value to his/her life is known as "empowerment". Empowerment refers to the process of enhancing an individual's ability to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes. It involves providing individuals with the necessary tools, resources, and knowledge to make informed decisions and take control of their lives. Empowerment can take various forms such as economic empowerment, social empowerment, political empowerment, and so on.

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People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can be supported by providing drugs for them at subsidized rates. This means that the government or organizations can make antiretroviral drugs available to PLWHA at a lower cost than the market price, to make it more affordable for them. This support enables PLWHA to manage their condition and live a healthy life, allowing them to contribute positively to the society. It is a practical way of promoting inclusivity, acceptance, and care for PLWHA.

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The option that is not a way of improving the public service is "politicization". Politicization refers to the act of making appointments or promotions based on political considerations rather than merit or competence. This can lead to the recruitment of unqualified individuals into the public service, which ultimately results in poor service delivery and inefficiency. Therefore, politicization does not improve the public service. Rather, it can lead to its decline. The other options, including freshers course, the use of code of conduct bureau, and reformation, can help improve the public service by enhancing the skills and competence of public servants, ensuring accountability and ethical behavior, and instituting changes that can lead to better service delivery.

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A good citizen has the responsibility to serve their country when required. This means that as a member of a community, it is important to contribute to the development of that community and the country as a whole. This can include volunteering for community projects, serving in the military when required, paying taxes, and obeying the laws of the land. By fulfilling these responsibilities, a good citizen helps to create a better society for everyone.

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(a) Definition of youth empowerment

Youth empowerment is the process of equipping young people with the knowledge, skills, resources and opportunities that will make them self-reliant, productive and responsible members of society.

(b) Three youth empowerment skills

1. Vocational skills (for example tailoring, welding, carpentry).
2. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills.
3. Entrepreneurial and business management skills.

(c) Three efforts of government towards youth empowerment

1. Establishment of skill acquisition and vocational training centres for the youth.
2. Provision of loans, grants and empowerment schemes (for example N-Power, YouWin and SURE-P) to support young entrepreneurs.
3. Creation of agencies and programmes such as the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) to train and provide jobs for youths.

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(a) Definition of representative democracy

Representative democracy is a system of government in which the people elect representatives through free and fair elections to make laws and govern on their behalf, rather than the people governing directly themselves.

(b) Three reasons Nigeria adopts representative democracy

1. Large population: Nigeria's population is too large for all citizens to gather and make decisions directly.
2. Large size/territory: The wide geographical spread of the country makes direct participation by all impossible.
3. Complexity of governance: Modern government involves complex and technical issues that are best handled by elected and knowledgeable representatives.

(c) Three factors that retard the growth of democracy in Nigeria

1. Electoral malpractices such as rigging, vote buying and violence.
2. Corruption and bad governance by political leaders.
3. Ethnic, religious and political intolerance, and political apathy among citizens.

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(a) Four importance of public service in Nigeria

1. Implementation of government policies: The public service carries out and executes the policies and programmes of government.
2. Provision of essential services: It provides basic services such as education, health, water, security and transportation to the people.
3. Continuity in governance: The public service ensures stability and continuity of administration even when governments change.
4. Advisory role: Public servants advise the government on the formulation of sound policies based on their expertise and experience.

(b) Three ways public service can be improved in the country

1. Regular training and retraining of public servants to update their skills.
2. Payment of adequate salaries and provision of good working conditions and modern facilities.
3. Fighting corruption and ensuring appointment and promotion based on merit rather than favouritism.

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(a) Three features of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria

1. It is written and rigid: The provisions are documented in a single document and can only be amended through a special and difficult procedure.
2. It provides for federalism: It shares powers among the Federal, State and Local governments.
3. It guarantees fundamental human rights: Chapter Four of the constitution protects the basic rights of citizens.

Other features include supremacy of the constitution, separation of powers and provision for the rule of law.

(b) Four significance of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria

1. It serves as the supreme law of the land, and any other law inconsistent with it is null and void.
2. It guarantees and protects the fundamental human rights of citizens.
3. It defines the powers, functions and limits of the three arms of government, preventing abuse of power.
4. It provides for the sharing of powers between the levels of government, thereby promoting orderly administration and national unity.

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(a) Four significance of contentment in the Nigerian society

1. Reduction of crime: Contented people are less likely to engage in fraud, stealing and corruption to acquire more.
2. Promotion of peace and stability: Contentment reduces greed, envy and unhealthy rivalry, fostering peaceful coexistence.
3. Encouragement of honesty and integrity: A contented person is satisfied with lawful earnings and avoids dishonest practices.
4. Personal happiness and good health: Contentment brings peace of mind and reduces stress-related illnesses.

(b) Three negative effects of lack of contentment on society

1. It breeds corruption, fraud and other economic crimes as people struggle to acquire more wealth by any means.
2. It causes social unrest, envy and conflict among members of the society.
3. It encourages get-rich-quick syndrome, greed and moral decay among the youth.

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Five nationalistic roles expected of individuals in the society

1. Obedience to the laws of the land: A patriotic citizen respects and obeys the constitution and all lawful authorities of the country.
2. Payment of taxes and levies: Individuals should pay their taxes promptly to provide government with funds for development.
3. Defence of the nation: Citizens should be ready to protect the country and its unity against internal and external threats.
4. Respect for national symbols: Individuals should honour the national flag, anthem, pledge and coat of arms.
5. Active participation in community and national development: Citizens should contribute their skills, labour and resources to communal projects and support government programmes.

Other roles include voting during elections, promoting peace and unity, and protecting public property.

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(a) Four preventive measures for HIV/AIDS

1. Abstaining from premarital and casual sexual intercourse.
2. Being faithful to one uninfected partner, or using condoms correctly during sex.
3. Avoiding the sharing of sharp objects such as needles, blades, syringes and clippers.
4. Screening of blood before transfusion to ensure it is free from the virus.

(b) Three ways HIV/AIDS can be managed

1. Regular use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs as prescribed by medical doctors to slow down the virus.
2. Eating a balanced and nutritious diet to strengthen the body and the immune system.
3. Prompt treatment of opportunistic infections and regular medical check-ups, along with counselling and emotional support.

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(a) Two functions of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)

1. To arrest, investigate and prosecute persons involved in the illegal production, trafficking and use of hard drugs and narcotics.
2. To enlighten and educate the public on the dangers of drug abuse and to rehabilitate drug addicts.

(b) Three functions of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)

1. To regulate and control the manufacture, importation, distribution and sale of food, drugs, cosmetics, chemicals and bottled water.
2. To inspect, test and register food and drugs to ensure that they are safe and of good quality before they are sold to the public.
3. To detect, seize and destroy fake, adulterated, substandard and expired food and drug products.

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(a) Definition of national consciousness

National consciousness is the awareness, love, loyalty and sense of belonging that citizens have towards their country, which makes them place the interest and unity of the nation above their personal, ethnic or religious interests.

(b) Four ways of promoting national consciousness

1. Civic and patriotic education: Teaching citizens, especially the youth, about their history, rights, duties and the value of national unity.
2. Respect for national symbols: Encouraging citizens to honour the national flag, anthem, pledge and coat of arms.
3. National programmes and unity schemes: Programmes such as the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), unity schools and cultural festivals bring citizens of different backgrounds together.
4. Good governance and equal treatment of citizens: Fair distribution of resources and equal opportunities give all citizens a sense of belonging and loyalty to the nation.