JAMB UTME - Geography - 1995

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A city can be differentiated from a rural settlement by considering its population size and age structure, as well as its population and functions. In general, cities have much larger populations than rural settlements and are characterized by a diverse age structure with a significant number of young and middle-aged people. Additionally, cities typically have more specialized functions, such as commerce, industry, and services, while rural settlements tend to be focused on agriculture and natural resource extraction. While road networks and industrial estates may also differ between cities and rural settlements, they are not the defining characteristics that set the two apart.

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The major factors accounting for increasing desertification in the West Africa Sahel are overgrazing and overcultivation, in addition to drought. Overgrazing is the act of allowing too many animals to graze in a particular area, leading to soil degradation and depletion of vegetation cover. Overcultivation is the excessive farming of crops on a particular land without adequate land management techniques, leading to the depletion of soil fertility and erosion. These factors, coupled with periodic drought, have led to the expansion of desert areas in the Sahel region of West Africa. Other factors such as deforestation, urbanization, and fuel wood exploitation may also contribute to desertification in some areas, but overgrazing and overcultivation remain the major factors.

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Leading entrepots are cities that are major hubs for international trade and serve as points of entry and distribution for goods from around the world. Hong Kong, London, and Rotterdam are some of the world's leading entrepots. Hong Kong, a former British colony, is a major entrepot in Asia and is known for its role in the trade of electronics, textiles, and other goods. London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is a major entrepot for Europe and has a long history of international trade dating back to the days of the British Empire. Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, is a major port city and is one of the busiest ports in the world, serving as an important entrepot for goods coming into and leaving Europe.

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When drilling an oil well, a borehole is drilled through the earth's crust into the subsurface layers. The layers of earth are made up of different materials such as rock, sand, and water. These layers can also contain different substances, such as oil and gas. In an oil well, the first substance encountered is gas, which rises to the top because it is lighter than the other substances. This is followed by oil, which is less dense than water and, therefore, floats on top of the water layer. The last substance to be encountered is water, which is the heaviest and thus sinks to the bottom of the well. Therefore, the correct order from the surface to the bottom of an oil well is: gas, oil, water.

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The satellite of the Earth is the Moon. A satellite is an object that orbits around a larger object in space. In this case, the Moon is a natural satellite that orbits around the Earth. It is the fifth largest moon in the solar system and the largest relative to its host planet. The Moon is believed to have formed about 4.5 billion years ago when a Mars-sized object collided with the early Earth, and debris from the impact coalesced to form the Moon. The Moon's gravitational influence causes tides on Earth and has played a significant role in shaping our planet's geology and evolution. Humans have sent spacecraft to study the Moon, and it remains an object of fascination and scientific research.

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The term "stippled coastal seas" refers to the areas of the ocean that are located near the coast and have a dotted or speckled appearance on a map. These areas are important for commercial fishing, which involves catching fish and other marine life for sale and consumption. Therefore, the correct option is "commercial fishing." Fish farming, whaling, and deep sea fishing may occur in coastal seas, but they are not the primary activities that define these areas.

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One of the tertiary services in an urban centre is petrol retailing. Tertiary services refer to services that involve the provision of expertise and specialized knowledge to individuals and businesses. Petrol retailing, also known as gasoline or fuel retailing, is a service that involves the sale and distribution of gasoline or other fuels to motorists, businesses, and other consumers. This service is essential in an urban centre, where there are numerous vehicles on the road and demand for fuel is high. Petrol stations can also provide other related services, such as car washes, convenience stores, and repair shops, making them important for the functioning of an urban centre.

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The portion of the earth that contains life is the biosphere. The biosphere refers to the part of the earth's surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere that supports life. It includes all living organisms and their interactions with the physical environment, such as the air, water, and soil. The biosphere is the most diverse and complex of the earth's four spheres and is essential to the survival of life on earth.

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An industry in which a large proportion of the weight of the inputs is lost during processing is likely to locate near the source of raw materials. This is because the cost of transporting the heavy inputs to the processing site would be too high. By locating near the source of raw materials, the industry can reduce transportation costs and increase efficiency. For example, a timber industry that processes logs into planks would locate near the forest source of the logs to minimize transportation costs. Similarly, a mining industry that processes ore into metal would locate near the mine source of the ore.

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A well-developed profile clearly distinguishes a mature soil from a juvenile one. A mature soil has undergone weathering, leaching, and other soil-forming processes for a long period of time, resulting in a distinct soil profile with clearly defined horizons. A juvenile soil, on the other hand, has not undergone significant weathering or soil-forming processes and lacks a well-developed profile. The other options, such as sand fraction, nitrogen content, and pH-value, are not reliable indicators of soil maturity as they can vary depending on the type and location of the soil.

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The features commonly associated with river rejuvenation include knick points, which are abrupt changes in the river's gradient caused by uplift or other tectonic activity. Knick points create waterfalls or rapids in the river and are a visible sign of the river's rejuvenation process. As the river adjusts to the new gradient, it erodes the bedrock and creates other features such as paired terraces and entrenched meanders. Paired terraces are two parallel flat surfaces on either side of the river, formed by the river's lateral migration over time. Entrenched meanders are tight bends in the river that have been cut deeply into the surrounding rock or sediment, resulting in steep cliffs and narrow canyons. These features are all part of the river's rejuvenation process, as the river responds to changes in its environment and adjusts its course and behavior accordingly.

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The factor controlling the onset and cessation of the rainy season in Nigeria is the movement of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD). The ITD is a boundary between the northeasterly and southwesterly trade winds in the equatorial region. It moves northwards during the summer months and southwards during the winter months, bringing rainfall to different parts of Nigeria at different times of the year. When the ITD is located over Nigeria, it brings moist air from the south into the country, leading to the onset of the rainy season. As the ITD continues to move northwards, it takes the rain with it, leading to the cessation of the rainy season. This movement of the ITD is influenced by a number of factors, including the temperature of the oceans, the location of the sun, and the pressure systems in the surrounding regions. While other factors such as the presence of plateaux and highlands, the latitudinal extent of the country, and the warm Guinea Current may have some influence on the climate of Nigeria, the movement of the ITD is the primary factor controlling the onset and cessation of the rainy season in the country.

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The densely populated areas of South East Asia are also areas of intensive peasant farming. The region is home to millions of small-scale farmers who cultivate crops such as rice, cassava, and maize using traditional methods. This is due to the fact that agriculture is the mainstay of the economy in most countries in the region, and the population is largely rural. Despite the rapid development of fast-growing heavy industries in some parts of South East Asia, agriculture remains the most important economic activity in the region.

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The power plant in Nigeria that is paired with the wrong energy source is Kanji-water. This is because Kanji power plant is actually a hydroelectric power plant located in Niger State, and it generates electricity from the water of the River Niger, not from solar energy. Therefore, the correct pairing should be Afam-sun, as Afam power plant is a gas-fired power plant located in Rivers State and it generates electricity from natural gas. Egbin power plant is also correctly paired with gas, and Oji power plant is correctly paired with coal.

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Temperature is usually depicted by the line graph because it is a property that varies continuously over time. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, and it can change constantly as heat is added or removed from the substance. By using a line graph to plot temperature over time, we can easily see how it changes over the course of hours, days, or even years. Other properties that fluctuate over space or are measured in terms of quantity, such as pressure or density, may be better represented using different types of graphs.

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A horst is a raised block of the Earth's crust that is bounded by faults on its two sides. The faults on both sides of a horst are typically normal faults, which occur when the rock on one side of a fault moves downward relative to the rock on the other side. This can result in the formation of a rift valley between the two faults. Reversed faults, on the other hand, occur when the rock on one side of a fault moves upward relative to the rock on the other side. Tear faults are also known as transform faults, and they occur when two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally. Thrust faults are characterized by rocks being pushed up and over other rocks, resulting in a ramp-like structure. However, in the context of a horst, normal faults are the most common type of fault found on both sides.

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Togo is the West African country that is known for the mining of phosphates. Phosphates are a type of rock used for fertilizer production, and Togo has one of the largest phosphate reserves in the world. The country has been mining phosphates since the early 20th century and is a major producer of this important mineral resource.

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The deposition along the channel of River Amy to the southwest is probably due to the fall in gradient at the base of the hill. When a river flows down a hill, it gains speed and erosive power due to the steep gradient. However, when it reaches the base of the hill, the gradient decreases, causing the river to lose some of its erosive power and deposit the sediment it carries along the way. This deposition process is more likely to occur on the inside of a meander or a bend in the river, as the water slows down and sediment accumulates.

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The prismatic compass indicates the positions of objects in relation to the Magnetic North. The Magnetic North is the direction that a compass needle points towards due to the Earth's magnetic field. The prismatic compass is a navigation instrument that uses a magnetized needle to indicate Magnetic North, which can then be used to determine the direction of other objects or locations. While the Earth's True North is the direction towards the geographic North Pole, and Grid North is the direction towards the top of a map grid, the prismatic compass specifically indicates Magnetic North.

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