JAMB UTME - Geography - 2019

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The Sudd region has been highly valued for its biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The Sudd is a vast wetland in South Sudan that covers approximately 30,000 square kilometers and is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The wetland provides habitat for many endangered and endemic species, including birds, fish, and large mammals like the African elephant. In addition to supporting a rich array of wildlife, the Sudd is also an important source of water and food for local communities who rely on its resources for their livelihoods. Therefore, protecting the biodiversity of the Sudd is crucial for both ecological and human well-being.

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A non-renewable resource is a resource that cannot be easily replenished or regenerated. An example of a non-renewable resource is mineral, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These resources are formed over millions of years and are finite, meaning they will eventually run out. Unlike renewable resources, like wind and solar power, which can be replenished, non-renewable resources are being consumed faster than they can be replaced. This is why it's important to use these resources wisely and find alternative energy sources to preserve them for future generations.

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Sugar Plantations in Africa are most highly developed in the lowlands of Natal and Mozambique. These two regions have warm climates and fertile soils, which are ideal conditions for growing sugarcane, a plant used to make sugar. The lowlands of Natal and Mozambique are also close to ports, which makes it easier to export the sugar that is produced. Because of these factors, the sugar industry has flourished in these regions, making them the most highly developed areas for sugar production in Africa.

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Kano is a major population center in Nigeria because of its early religious and economic significance. Kano has been a center of trade and commerce for centuries, and its location along the trans-Saharan trade routes made it an important stop for merchants and traders. Additionally, Kano has a rich history of Islam, with the city serving as a center of Islamic learning and culture. These factors, combined with its large population of Hausa-speaking indigenes, have helped make Kano one of the largest and most populous cities in Nigeria.

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The rocks of the basement complex are generally referred to as older granite. The basement complex is a layer of rock that forms the foundation or base of the Earth's crust. It consists of a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been deeply buried and intensely deformed over time. The older granite that makes up the basement complex is a type of igneous rock that was formed by the solidification of molten magma deep beneath the Earth's surface. It is typically composed of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica, and is known for its coarse-grained texture and distinctive speckled appearance. The older granite of the basement complex is important because it serves as a stable platform for the overlying sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. It also plays a significant role in controlling the location and distribution of mineral deposits, as many valuable ores are associated with the older granite. Overall, the older granite of the basement complex is a fundamental component of the Earth's crust and has significant geological and economic importance.

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A common feature of Forcados, Bonny, and Eket in the Niger Delta is that they are all terminals for oil companies. These three locations are major hubs for the extraction, transportation, and export of crude oil in the region. Forcados, Bonny, and Eket are all situated along the coast of the Niger Delta, which is home to vast reserves of crude oil. Oil companies have established facilities at these locations to extract crude oil from the ground, transport it via pipelines or tankers, and export it to other parts of the world. The oil industry is a crucial part of the economy of the Niger Delta, and Forcados, Bonny, and Eket are all key players in this industry. While fishing is an important activity in the Niger Delta, these locations are not primarily known for their fishing ports. Similarly, while natural gas exports are an important part of the region's economy, Forcados, Bonny, and Eket are not the only locations where this takes place. Finally, while export processing zones do exist in the Niger Delta, this is not a defining characteristic of these three locations.

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Zambia is a country in Africa that is well-known for its production of copper. Copper is a metal that is widely used in many industries, and Zambia is one of the largest producers of this metal in Africa. In Zambia, copper is extracted from the ground and then processed into different forms, such as wire, pipes, and other products. The mining industry is a major contributor to the economy of Zambia, and the country's copper mines help to provide jobs and support the local economy.

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Lake Kivu and Lake Malawi are related in that they are both rift valley lakes. Rift valley lakes are formed when tectonic plates move apart, creating a depression that fills with water. Lake Kivu is located in the Albertine Rift, which is part of the East African Rift System, while Lake Malawi is located in the East African Rift. Despite their similarities, the two lakes are located in different parts of the African continent - Lake Kivu is located in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, while Lake Malawi is located in Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique.

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The pair of countries where conurbation is most highly developed is USA and England. Conurbation refers to the merging of two or more previously separate cities into a single continuous urban area. This process is most highly developed in the USA and England due to their history of urbanization and industrialization. The cities of London and New York are two of the largest conurbations in the world and serve as centers of finance, commerce, and culture. These cities have grown and expanded over time to include many surrounding suburbs, creating a vast, interconnected metropolitan area.

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The igneous rock with distinct grains of mica, feldspar, and quartz is granite. Granite is a type of igneous rock that is formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It is composed of several minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and mica. These minerals give granite its characteristic speckled appearance and make it a popular choice for building and decorative purposes. Mica is a shiny mineral that appears in thin, flat sheets and gives granite its distinctive glittery look. Feldspar is a group of minerals that are very common in igneous rocks and make up the majority of granite's composition. Quartz is a hard, mineral that is often found in igneous rocks and contributes to granite's durability. In summary, if you find an igneous rock with distinct grains of mica, feldspar, and quartz, it is most likely granite.

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The Harbel Plantation in Liberia is noted for large-scale production of rubber. Rubber is a material made from the sap of rubber trees, which is collected, processed, and turned into various products such as tires, gloves, and rubber bands. The Harbel Plantation is significant because it was one of the first large-scale rubber plantations in Liberia, established in the early 20th century by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. The plantation continues to produce rubber to this day and has played an important role in the development of the country's rubber industry.

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The pair of cities that have both a seaport and an international airport are Lagos and San Francisco. Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria, located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, and it is home to the Lagos Port Complex, which is one of the largest and busiest ports in Africa. Lagos is also served by the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, which is the main airport in Nigeria and serves as a hub for many airlines. San Francisco is a city in California, United States, located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The city is served by the Port of San Francisco, which is the fourth largest port in California and handles a variety of cargo, including containers, automobiles, and dry bulk. San Francisco is also served by the San Francisco International Airport, which is one of the busiest airports in the United States and a major gateway to Asia and the Pacific. Kampala and Mombasa, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg, and New York and Warri do not have both a seaport and an international airport. Kampala is the capital city of Uganda, located inland and does not have a seaport. Mombasa is a port city in Kenya located on the coast, but its airport, Moi International Airport, serves only domestic and regional flights. Rio de Janeiro is a coastal city in Brazil, known for its beautiful beaches and famous landmarks. The city has a seaport, the Port of Rio de Janeiro, which is one of the busiest ports in Brazil, but its airport, the Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport, serves mainly domestic and regional flights. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and a major economic hub on the African continent, but it is not located on the coast and does not have a seaport. The city is served by the O.R. Tambo International Airport, which is the busiest airport in Africa and a major hub for international flights. New York is a major city on the East Coast of the United States, located on the Atlantic Ocean, and is home to the Port of New York and New Jersey, one of the largest ports in the world. However, its main airport, the John F. Kennedy International Airport, is an international airport that serves numerous destinations worldwide, but it does not have a seaport nearby. Warri is a city in Nigeria, located in the Niger Delta region, and is home to the Warri Port, which is one of the major ports in Nigeria. However, its airport, the Osubi Airstrip, is a small airport that serves only domestic flights.

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The highest lands in Nigeria are found on the Mambilla Plateau. The Mambilla Plateau is located in Taraba State in the eastern part of Nigeria, and it is the highest plateau in Nigeria. The plateau has an average elevation of about 1,524 meters (5,000 feet) above sea level, with some parts reaching as high as 1,830 meters (6,000 feet). The Mambilla Plateau is a popular tourist destination because of its cool climate, scenic beauty, and rich cultural heritage. The plateau is home to several ethnic groups, including the Mambilla people, who have a unique culture and traditional way of life. The plateau is also known for its rich agricultural potential and is a major producer of tea, coffee, and other crops. In summary, the Mambilla Plateau is the highest land in Nigeria, and it is located in Taraba State in the eastern part of the country. It has a high elevation and is a popular tourist destination known for its cool climate, scenic beauty, and rich cultural heritage.

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The best way to prevent a watershed from degradation is through forest reservation. Watersheds are areas of land that drain into a common body of water, such as a river or a lake. Forest reservation refers to the process of setting aside and protecting areas of forest from human activities that may cause harm to the ecosystem. Forests are important in watersheds because they help regulate water flow, filter pollutants, and provide habitat for wildlife. Fuel wood extraction and crop production can cause harm to watersheds if they are not managed sustainably. Fuel wood extraction can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, which can in turn impact water quality and quantity. Crop production can lead to the use of fertilizers and pesticides that can runoff into the water, causing pollution. Inter-basin transfer is the process of diverting water from one basin to another. While it can be a solution to water scarcity, it can also have negative impacts on watersheds, including altering natural water flow, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing water availability downstream. In summary, forest reservation is the best way to prevent watershed degradation as it helps to maintain the natural ecosystem functions that are important for water quality and quantity.

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The Ruhr coalfield is located in Germany. Specifically, it is located in the western part of the country, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The area is known for its rich deposits of coal and was a major source of coal for Germany during the Industrial Revolution. Today, many of the mines have been closed, but the region still has a strong industrial presence and is home to many factories and businesses.

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The standard time of a country is determined by the longitude of its location on the Earth. A time zone is a region that has the same standard time, and time zones are typically defined as an offset from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In this case, the country has a standard time of GMT + 1 hour, which means it is one hour ahead of the UTC. The longitude that corresponds to this time zone is the one located 15° east of the Prime Meridian, which runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, England. So, the local time adopted by the country is 15°E.

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The rock that is formed by wood subjected to pressure and heat is called "lignite". Lignite is a type of coal that is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content and carbon content. Lignite is formed from partially decomposed plant material that has been subjected to increasing amounts of pressure and heat over time. As the plant material becomes buried and compressed, it eventually transforms into lignite through a process called coalification. Therefore, lignite is a sedimentary rock that is formed from the compressed and heated remains of plants, including wood. It is typically brownish-black in color and has a relatively low density compared to other types of coal.

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The highest category of rural settlement is a village. A village is a small, rural community that typically consists of a group of houses and other buildings, surrounded by farmland. People in a village often have close-knit relationships and rely on each other for support. Villages often have a central area where people gather for social events and activities, such as a village green or town square. Villages may also have basic amenities such as a school, a post office, and a general store. In comparison, a homestead refers to a house and the surrounding land that is used for farming or other agricultural purposes. A hut is a small, simple dwelling, often made of natural materials like mud or thatch. A hamlet is a small settlement, similar to a village, but with a smaller population and fewer amenities.

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To calculate the birth rate of a country, we need to divide the number of registered births by the total population of the country and then multiply by 100 to get a percentage. In this case, the number of registered births is 3,000,000, and the total population of the country is 150,000,000. So the birth rate is (3,000,000 / 150,000,000) x 100, which simplifies to 2%. Therefore, the answer is%, meaning that the birth rate of the given country is 2%.

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Lowland plains may lead to an area being densely populated because they provide fertile land for agriculture, easy transportation and communication routes, and access to water sources. Lowland plains are typically flat, which makes it easier to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure, and also makes it more conducive for farming. In addition, lowland areas tend to have more moderate climates and are less prone to natural disasters, such as floods or landslides, which can make them more attractive to settlers. Overall, the combination of fertile land, ease of transportation and communication, access to water sources, and favorable climate can all contribute to high population density in lowland areas.

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A cirque is an example of a landform produced by glaciation. A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression on a mountainside with steep walls formed by glacial erosion. As a glacier moves down a mountain, it erodes the bedrock through a combination of abrasion and plucking. Abrasion occurs when the glacier grinds against the bedrock and wears it away, while plucking occurs when the glacier freezes onto the bedrock and pulls it away as the glacier moves downhill. Over time, this erosion can form a deep, steep-sided hollow or cirque on the mountainside. Cirques are often the starting point for the formation of other glacial landforms, such as u-shaped valleys and horn peaks. As a glacier continues to erode the mountainside, it can deepen and widen the cirque, creating a u-shaped valley. If multiple glaciers erode back-to-back cirques on a single mountain, it can leave behind a horn peak or a jagged, triangular peak at the mountain summit. Overall, cirques are a classic example of a landform produced by the slow, powerful forces of glaciation.

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The most suitable statistical diagram to show spatial distribution of production is a dot map. A dot map is a type of map that uses dots to represent the quantity or density of a particular feature across a geographic area. In the case of production data, each dot can represent a certain amount of production, and the density of the dots can show areas with high or low production levels. This allows for a clear visual representation of where production is concentrated and where it is less prominent. Pie charts, divided circles, and line graphs are not suitable for showing spatial distribution of production. A pie chart is used to show proportions of a whole, while a divided circle is similar to a pie chart but is divided into more than one category. These charts are best suited for displaying data where the whole is made up of distinct categories, rather than for geographic data. A line graph, on the other hand, is used to show trends over time, and is not well-suited for displaying spatial data.

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The region with the least population density is the Eurasian Tundra. The tundra is a cold, barren landscape located in the northern hemisphere, spanning across parts of Alaska, Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. This region is characterized by extremely harsh weather conditions, including long, cold winters and brief, cool summers. The soil is also poor in nutrients and unable to support much plant life, making it difficult for people and animals to survive. As a result, the population density in this region is very low and only a small number of people live there.

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In surveying, it is best dealt with by laying offsets. This means that instead of measuring the exact distance or angle to an object that may obstruct the line of sight, the surveyor will measure to a point slightly to the side of the obstruction and then use that measurement to calculate the true distance or angle. This allows the surveyor to gather accurate information without having to physically remove the obstruction or avoid it altogether. By laying offsets, the surveyor can ensure that the survey results are accurate and reliable.

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The Obudu Plateau in the Cross River Basin is economically noted for several activities, including cattle ranching, tourism, tea and coffee plantations, and exploitation of forest resources. However, one of the most notable economic activities in the Obudu Plateau is cattle ranching. The plateau's cool and suitable climate makes it an ideal location for cattle farming and the rearing of other livestock. Tourism is also another important economic activity in the Obudu Plateau. The plateau is known for its beautiful landscapes, waterfalls, and other natural attractions that draw tourists from all over the world. In addition to these, the Obudu Plateau also has tea and coffee plantations, which are grown and processed for local and international consumption. The exploitation of forest resources is also an important economic activity, as the plateau is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Finally, the generation of hydroelectricity is also a notable economic activity in the Obudu Plateau, as the high altitude and abundant water resources provide ample opportunities for the generation of hydroelectric power.

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The world's leading producer of cocoa is Ghana. Cocoa is a key ingredient used in the production of chocolate and many other sweet treats. Ghana is one of the largest exporters of cocoa in the world, with over 20% of global cocoa production coming from Ghanaian farms. Cocoa is grown in several regions of the country, with the Ashanti region being the largest cocoa-producing region in Ghana. The favorable climate and soil conditions in Ghana make it an ideal location for growing cocoa, which is why it has become such an important industry in the country. Cocoa production plays a significant role in the Ghanaian economy, providing jobs and income for many people.

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Nigeria has entered into trade agreements in petroleum products and gas with some West African countries. This means that Nigeria has agreed to trade its petroleum products and gas with certain countries in West Africa. The exact countries involved in the agreement may vary, but the goal is to increase trade and cooperation between Nigeria and its neighbors in West Africa.