JAMB UTME - Government - 2012

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The rule of law is the negation of absolute power. This means that in a society that follows the rule of law, no one, including government officials, is above the law. The rule of law is a fundamental principle of modern democracies, which are based on the idea that power should be distributed and limited in order to protect individual rights and promote the common good. The rule of law requires that laws be clear, consistent, and predictable, and that they be applied equally to all individuals, regardless of their status or position. This is in contrast to absolute power, which would allow a single individual or group to make decisions without any limitations or accountability. The rule of law is therefore an essential safeguard against abuse of power and authoritarianism.

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In a feudal system, the two major classes are the serfs and the lords. The feudal system was a social and economic system that was common in medieval Europe. The lords were the ruling class in this system, and they held most of the power and wealth. They owned the land and controlled the resources, and they had a lot of influence over the serfs who worked the land. The serfs, on the other hand, were the working class in the feudal system. They were tied to the land and were obligated to work for the lords in exchange for protection and the right to live on the land. Serfs were not free to leave the land without permission from the lord, and they often had to give a portion of their crops or other goods to the lord as payment. The feudal system was characterized by a hierarchical structure in which the lords held the most power and the serfs were at the bottom of the social and economic ladder. This system persisted for centuries in Europe before eventually giving way to other forms of government and economic organization.

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The right of citizens to participate in the affairs of government of their country is called political right. This means that citizens have the right to vote, express their opinions, and hold their government accountable through peaceful means such as protests or petitions. Political rights are an essential part of democracy, which is a system of government where power is held by the people and exercised through free and fair elections. Political rights are often enshrined in constitutions and legal systems, and they are generally considered a fundamental human right. Political rights are distinct from other types of rights, such as civil rights, which concern the protection of individual liberties and freedoms, or social rights, which concern access to basic goods and services like education, healthcare, and housing.

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A political system that empowers the leader with the ultimate responsibility to execute laws is called presidentialism. In a presidential system, the head of state (usually referred to as the president) serves as both the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by the people, and they are directly accountable to the citizens of the country for their actions. The president has a significant amount of power and is responsible for making executive decisions, enforcing laws, and carrying out government policies. The presidential system is commonly found in countries like the United States, Brazil, and Mexico.

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Mass media is used in gauging public opinion. Mass media refers to various forms of communication that reach a large audience, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the internet. Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion by providing people with information and ideas about current events, social issues, and political developments. Polls and surveys conducted by news organizations and other media outlets are an important tool for gauging public opinion on a wide range of issues. By asking people about their attitudes and beliefs on various topics, media organizations can provide policymakers and the public with valuable insights into public opinion and sentiment. In addition to conducting polls and surveys, mass media can also shape public opinion through editorial content, news coverage, and commentary. The way that news stories are framed, for example, can influence how people perceive and respond to them, and editorial endorsements can help to shape public attitudes toward political candidates and issues. Overall, mass media is a powerful tool for gauging public opinion and shaping the way that people think about and respond to important social and political issues.

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Colonization of Africa was mainly motivated by economic reasons. European powers, such as Britain, France, Germany, and Portugal, sought to acquire resources and establish markets for their industries in Africa. They also sought to expand their empires and increase their prestige on the world stage. These economic interests led to the exploitation and extraction of Africa's natural resources, including minerals, agricultural products, and human labor. The continent's vast wealth and potential for economic gain were major factors in driving European powers to colonize Africa. While other factors, such as religious and cultural motives, played a role in colonization, economic interests were the primary driver of European imperialism in Africa.

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Military intervention in Nigeria arose from perceived incapability of civilians to govern. This means that the military saw that the civilian government was not able to effectively govern the country and address its problems, such as corruption, economic instability, and security threats. As a result, the military believed that it was necessary to take control of the government in order to address these issues and restore stability to the country. This type of intervention is often referred to as a military coup.

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A major objective of the public Complaints Commission is to address the grievances of individuals and groups. This means that the commission is there to listen to the complaints and concerns of the public and try to find a solution to the problem. The commission acts as a mediator between the public and the government or relevant organizations, to ensure that the issues are resolved in a fair and just manner. The aim is to improve the relationship between the public and the government, and to make sure that people's rights and interests are protected.

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In a federal state, power is shared between the central government and the other co-ordinate units, which are typically local authorities or regional governments. This means that there are two levels of government, each with its own specific powers and responsibilities. The central government has the authority to make laws and policies that apply to the entire country, while the local authorities or regional governments have their own laws and policies that apply to their specific areas. These co-ordinate units have a degree of autonomy from the central government, which allows them to make decisions that are in the best interests of their citizens. This system of government is designed to provide a balance of power between the central government and the other co-ordinate units, ensuring that no level of government becomes too powerful and that the needs and interests of all citizens are represented. Therefore, power is shared between the central government and the other co-ordinate units, rather than among the major regions of the federation or the country as a whole.

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In Nigeria, the agency primarily responsible for maintaining internal peace and security is the police. The police force is a national security agency charged with the responsibility of enforcing the law, protecting lives and properties, and maintaining order and public safety within Nigeria. The Nigerian police force is divided into various departments, including the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), Mobile Police Force (MPF), Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), and other tactical units. They work with other security agencies like the army, navy, and civil defence corps to ensure peace and security in Nigeria, but the police force is the primary agency responsible for maintaining internal peace and security.

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The primary aim of pressure groups is to protect the interests of their members. A pressure group is an organized group of individuals or organizations that seeks to influence public policy and government decisions on specific issues. Pressure groups are different from political parties, which seek to capture political power and form governments. While pressure groups may have political objectives, their primary goal is to represent the interests of their members and promote their causes. Pressure groups may use a variety of tactics, such as lobbying, public demonstrations, media campaigns, and legal challenges, to influence policymakers and raise public awareness of their issues. Ultimately, the success of a pressure group depends on its ability to mobilize public support and pressure policymakers to take action in support of its members' interests.

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Workers in public corporations are known as "public servants." Public servants are employees who work for the government or government-owned organizations, such as public corporations, and are responsible for providing public services to citizens. Public servants are different from private employees who work for privately owned companies and civil servants who work for the government but not in public corporations. Professional employees may work in both public and private organizations and are typically highly skilled individuals who perform specialized tasks. Overall, public servants are an essential part of the public sector and play a vital role in providing essential services to the community, such as healthcare, education, transportation, and public safety.

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To ensure the rights and freedom of citizens, the powers of the arms of government must be separated. This means that the government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, and each branch has separate and distinct powers and responsibilities. The legislative branch is responsible for making laws, the executive branch is responsible for enforcing laws, and the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting laws. By separating these powers, no single branch can become too powerful, and each branch serves as a check on the others. This system of checks and balances helps to ensure that the rights and freedoms of citizens are protected, and that no one branch of government can become too dominant. Therefore, the correct answer is separated.

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A bill is a proposed law that is written and introduced by a member of a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress. Once a bill is introduced, it is then considered by the entire legislative body, which may debate, amend, or reject it. If the bill is approved by the legislative body, it is then sent to the executive branch, which is responsible for implementing and enforcing the law. The judiciary branch, which includes courts and judges, may also be involved in interpreting and applying the law, but it is not directly responsible for considering or passing bills. Therefore, the correct answer is legislature.

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The country that championed decolonization in Africa is Ghana. In 1957, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from colonial rule, setting the stage for the rest of the continent to follow suit. The country's first president, Kwame Nkrumah, was a key figure in the struggle for independence and played a major role in promoting pan-Africanism, which called for the unity of African people in the face of colonialism and racism. Ghana's success in achieving independence inspired other African nations to follow in its footsteps, leading to a wave of decolonization across the continent in the decades that followed.

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The electoral system in which parties are assigned seats in the parliament commensurate to the number of votes polled is called proportional representation. In this system, the number of seats a party is allocated is proportional to the number of votes it receives. For example, if a party wins 40% of the vote, it will be assigned 40% of the seats in the parliament. This ensures that parties are represented in proportion to their level of support, and can provide a more accurate reflection of the preferences of the electorate. Proportional representation is used in many countries around the world, including Germany, Italy, and New Zealand. It is often seen as a more democratic system than others, as it allows for greater diversity of political viewpoints in the parliament and encourages collaboration and compromise between parties.

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The National Assembly in Nigeria is primarily responsible for making laws. It is the legislative arm of the government and consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The National Assembly is responsible for creating, amending, and repealing laws that govern the country. It has the power to initiate bills, debate them, and pass them into law. The National Assembly also plays an oversight role over the executive branch of the government, ensuring that the government is accountable to the people. It has the power to investigate government activities and agencies, approve government appointments, and review government policies. The National Assembly is a critical component of Nigeria's democratic system, as it provides a platform for the representation of the people and the exercise of their rights and freedoms.

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The Sharia legal system was first introduced in the Fourth Republic in Zamfara State. In 1999, the state government, led by Governor Ahmad Sani Yerima, introduced Sharia law, making it the first Nigerian state to do so. The decision was controversial and sparked debates about the role of religion in government and the compatibility of Islamic law with Nigeria's secular constitution. However, since the introduction of Sharia law in Zamfara State, several other northern states in Nigeria have followed suit and implemented the system to varying degrees. While Sharia law coexists alongside the secular legal system in these states, it is applied to certain aspects of personal and criminal law, such as marriage, divorce, and theft.

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The French colonial system was underlined by the policy of assimilation. This means that the French sought to make the colonized people adopt French culture, language, and values. They believed that this would make the colonies more French and therefore easier to control. This policy was enforced through education, where French language and culture were taught, and through the legal system, which was modeled after French law. The goal of assimilation was to create a single French nation with a shared language, culture, and history. However, this policy also meant that the colonized people lost their own culture, language, and traditions, which led to resentment and resistance against French rule.

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The major factor militating against the efficient operation of electoral commissions in Nigeria is excessive political interference. This means that politicians and political parties interfere with the work of the electoral commission in order to manipulate the electoral process and ensure that they win elections. This interference can take many forms, such as bribing electoral officials, intimidating voters, or manipulating election results. As a result, the electoral commission may not be able to conduct free and fair elections, which can undermine public confidence in the electoral process and lead to political instability. In addition, this interference can also discourage skilled manpower from working for the electoral commission, as they may fear retaliation from politicians. Overall, excessive political interference is a major challenge that needs to be addressed in order to ensure the efficient operation of electoral commissions in Nigeria.

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The central objective of privatization in Nigeria is to improve the efficiency of enterprises. Privatization involves the transfer of ownership and control of state-owned enterprises to the private sector. The Nigerian government has pursued a privatization policy to reduce the inefficiencies and corruption associated with state-owned enterprises and to stimulate economic growth. By selling off these enterprises to private investors, the government hopes to attract capital, technology, and managerial expertise that can improve the efficiency and productivity of these businesses. This can lead to increased profits, job creation, and economic development. Ultimately, the goal of privatization in Nigeria is to create a more competitive and dynamic business environment that can help drive sustainable economic growth and development. While there may be other benefits associated with privatization, improving the efficiency of enterprises is the central objective of the policy.

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Delegated legislation is made by bodies other than the parliament. Delegated legislation refers to laws or regulations that are created by government agencies, departments, or other bodies, rather than by the parliament. The parliament delegates some of its law-making power to these bodies, allowing them to create rules and regulations that are necessary to carry out specific functions or to address specific issues. The goal is to allow for more efficient and flexible decision-making, as the parliament does not have the time or resources to address every issue in detail. However, delegated legislation is subject to oversight by the parliament, which has the power to review and approve or reject these laws.

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The structures of the African Union include the Pan African Parliament, the Court of Justice, and the Peace and Security Council. The Pan African Parliament is a legislative body that represents the people of Africa and provides a platform for their voices to be heard. The Court of Justice is a judicial body that resolves disputes between member states and enforces the rule of law. The Peace and Security Council is a forum for addressing conflicts and promoting stability in Africa. Together, these structures form the backbone of the African Union, working to promote the social, economic, and political integration of the continent and its people. They aim to ensure that Africa's voice is heard on the global stage and that its people are able to live in peace, security, and prosperity.

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The bringing of a session of a parliament to an end through royal proclamation is known as prorogation of parliament. Prorogation is a formal procedure where the reigning monarch or their representative, such as a governor-general, ends a session of parliament by royal proclamation. Prorogation marks the end of a parliamentary session and is usually done to allow for a new session of parliament to begin. During prorogation, all bills and other business that have not been completed are terminated, and any unfinished business is carried over to the next session. Prorogation is different from the dissolution of parliament, which is the process of ending the life of a parliament and calling for a new election. Prorogation does not dissolve the parliament but simply ends the current session, allowing for a new session to begin without the need for a general election. Prorogation of parliament is an important tool in the functioning of parliamentary democracy, as it allows for the government to reset the legislative agenda and introduce new bills and policies at the beginning of a new session.

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The African leader mostly credited for spearheading the formation of the African Union is Muammar Gaddafi. Muammar Gaddafi was the former leader of Libya and a prominent figure in African politics. He was a strong advocate for African unity and was instrumental in the creation of the African Union, which was established in 2002 to promote cooperation and integration among African countries. He played a key role in the negotiations and discussions that led to the formation of the union, and he continued to be an influential voice in African affairs until his death in 2011. The African Union is now the primary regional organization for African countries, working to promote peace, stability, and economic development on the continent.

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The practice of democracy in the pre-colonial Yoruba political system was ensured by "checks and balances." In this system, power was divided among different levels of government, and each level had its own responsibilities and limitations. This division of power prevented any one person or group from becoming too powerful and abusing their authority. Additionally, the Yoruba political system had a system of councils and assemblies made up of representatives from various social groups. These councils and assemblies served as forums for public debate and decision-making, allowing for a more participatory and inclusive democracy. The combination of these features created a system of government that was relatively stable, accountable, and responsive to the needs of the people.

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In a democratic government, political sovereignty is vested in the electorate. This means that the power to make decisions and choose leaders ultimately rests with the people who are eligible to vote in elections. In a democracy, the electorate is composed of all citizens who meet certain age and residency requirements, and who are registered to vote. The electorate has the right to choose their representatives in government, including members of the legislature, the executive branch, and other public officials. This system of government is often referred to as "government by the people, for the people," and it is based on the idea that individuals have the right to participate in the decisions that affect their lives and the common good. The other branches of government, including the legislature and executive, are responsible for implementing the will of the electorate and ensuring that the government operates in accordance with democratic principles.

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The commission charged with the conduct of federal elections in Nigeria is the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). INEC is an independent body established by the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria to organize and supervise elections in the country. Its main functions include conducting voter registration, creating electoral boundaries, and administering the voting process on election day. INEC is also responsible for resolving election disputes and announcing the results of elections. The commission is made up of a chairman and 12 commissioners appointed by the President of Nigeria and confirmed by the Senate. INEC has the responsibility of ensuring that elections in Nigeria are free, fair, and transparent, and that the will of the people is reflected in the outcome of the elections. Overall, the INEC plays a vital role in Nigeria's democratic process.

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In the Hausa pre-colonial political system, a district was typically headed by a Hakimi. A Hakimi is a traditional ruler or district head who is responsible for the administration of a district. The Hakimi is responsible for maintaining law and order within the district and overseeing the collection of taxes and tributes. They also serve as a representative of the Emir or Sultan and help to implement policies and decisions made at higher levels of government. The Hakimi was typically appointed by the Emir or Sultan, but they also needed the support of the people in the district to maintain their position. They were expected to be just and fair leaders who could resolve disputes and maintain the peace. The Hausa political system was hierarchical in nature, with the Emir or Sultan at the top and various other officials and rulers at lower levels of government. The Hakimi played a crucial role in this system as they were responsible for the day-to-day administration of the districts and the well-being of the people who lived there.

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Political values are acquired in any given society through political socialization. Political socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn and develop their political values, beliefs, and attitudes from the political culture and environment in which they live. This can include the influence of family, friends, schools, religious institutions, media, and other social institutions. Political socialization can occur throughout a person's lifetime, but it is particularly influential during childhood and adolescence when individuals are more impressionable and open to learning new ideas and values. Political re-orientation, political campaigns, and political indoctrination can all be components of political socialization, but they are not the only factors that shape an individual's political values.

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An intra-party activity for the selection of candidates for elective positions is known as a primary election. A primary election is an internal election conducted by a political party to select its candidates for an upcoming general election. In a primary election, registered members of the party are allowed to vote for their preferred candidate, who will represent the party in the general election. Primary elections are used to ensure that the most popular and qualified candidates are chosen to represent the party in the general election. They are typically held before the general election and are open to all registered members of the party. Primary elections can be conducted in a variety of formats, including open, closed, and semi-closed primaries. In an open primary, voters can choose to vote in either party's primary regardless of their own party affiliation. In a closed primary, only voters who are registered members of the party can vote in that party's primary. A semi-closed primary allows registered voters to vote in either party's primary, but they must choose which primary to participate in. Overall, primary elections are an important part of the democratic process, as they allow voters to have a say in who represents their party in the general election.

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The private ownership of the means of production is a feature of capitalism. This means that in a capitalist system, individuals or businesses own and control the resources and tools used to produce goods and services, such as factories, machines, and raw materials. This allows them to make profits by selling their products in the market. Capitalism is characterized by free markets, competition, and the pursuit of profit, and it is often contrasted with socialism and communism, which advocate for collective or government ownership and control of the means of production.