JAMB UTME - Literature In English - 2014

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A funny incident within a serious situation is called comic relief. Comic relief is a literary device used in writing to interrupt a serious or tragic moment with a humorous or lighthearted one. The purpose of comic relief is to give the audience a brief moment of respite from the tension and seriousness of the main plot or story. This technique is often used in literature, movies, and plays to create a balance between serious and humorous moments. By introducing a funny incident within a serious situation, the writer can make the audience feel more emotionally connected to the characters and their struggles.

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The poet persona expresses dismay about bed-bugs. They compare the bed-bugs to "awful parasites" and express their frustration with having to share their bed with these pests. The poet also mentions that the bed-bugs are "sucking blood from my poor head," indicating that they are being bitten and their sleep is being disturbed by these insects.

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The correct option is "catharsis". Catharsis refers to the process of purging or releasing emotions, specifically feelings of pity and fear. This term was first used by the Greek philosopher Aristotle to describe the effect that tragic plays had on audiences. According to Aristotle, tragic plays allowed people to experience these emotions in a controlled way, which could help to relieve them of any similar feelings they may be carrying in their own lives. In modern times, catharsis is often used to refer to any process of emotional release or purification. This can take many different forms, such as talking to a therapist, writing in a journal, or even engaging in physical activity like running or boxing. The goal of catharsis is to help individuals process their emotions in a healthy way, so that they can move past any negative feelings and experience a greater sense of emotional well-being.

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The allusion in Hughes's "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" is mainly historical. In the poem, Hughes refers to several rivers, such as the Euphrates, the Nile, and the Mississippi, that have played important roles in the history of human civilization. By connecting African Americans to these ancient and powerful rivers, Hughes suggests that they too have a rich and enduring history. In this way, the poem celebrates the resilience and strength of the African American people, who have overcome centuries of oppression and hardship.

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The line "He is a faithful liar" is an example of an oxymoron. An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two seemingly contradictory terms to create a new and often more complex meaning. In this case, the terms "faithful" and "liar" are at odds with each other, making the statement paradoxical and emphasizing the contradiction in the person's character.

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The dominant imagery in Kofi Awoonor's poem 'The Cathedral' is visual. The poet uses vivid descriptions of the physical appearance of the cathedral to create an image in the reader's mind. He describes the "pillars" and "arches" of the cathedral, the "vaulted nave" and "choir", the "great doors" and "carved screens", and the "images" and "statues". All of these descriptions appeal to the reader's sense of sight and help to create a vivid picture of the cathedral in their mind. Although there are also some auditory and olfactory imagery, they are not as dominant as the visual imagery in the poem.

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The action in a play that stimulates the audience to pity a character is called "pathos". Pathos is a technique used in storytelling to evoke feelings of sadness, compassion, and sympathy from the audience. Pathos can be created through various actions in a play, such as showing the character in a vulnerable or tragic situation, highlighting the character's flaws or weaknesses, or through the character's own words and actions. For example, a character who has lost a loved one or who is struggling with a difficult decision may elicit feelings of pathos from the audience. Overall, pathos is a powerful tool for engaging the emotions of the audience and creating a deeper connection between the audience and the characters in the play.

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In Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and The Sea, the type of fish caught by Santiago after days of effort is a marlin.

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In Femi Osofisan's Women of Owu, Balogun Kusa is killed by a soldier.

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Dramatis personae is a term used in plays to refer to a list of characters that appear in the play. This list is typically included at the beginning of the play and provides the names and brief descriptions of each character. The purpose of the dramatis personae is to give the audience an overview of the characters and their relationships before the play begins, which can help to clarify the action and make it easier to follow. The dramatis personae typically includes the names of all the major characters, as well as any minor characters that play an important role in the story. It may also include information about the characters' relationships to one another, their backgrounds, or any other relevant details. However, it does not typically include the order of appearance or a cast list, as these are usually provided separately. Overall, the dramatis personae serves as a helpful guide for the audience, allowing them to understand who the characters are and how they relate to one another before the play begins.

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The speaker in the passage is more experienced. He says that he has "killed many more years in this world" than the listener. This implies that the speaker has lived longer and has therefore gained more life experience.

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In Owonibi's poem "Homeless, not Hopeless," the persona is explaining the life of street beggars. The persona says that these street beggars are mainly concerned with their daily needs and survival, rather than worrying about heaven. They spend their days and nights trying to find food and shelter, and do not have the luxury of sleeping and dreaming. The persona does not mention anything about the street beggars attending conferences in towns.

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Fletcher's "Upon An Honest Man's Fortune" encourages people to move in the direction of God. The poem does not encourage people to accept life as it is or accept soothsaying, and it actually condemns soothsaying as a false and deceptive practice. Instead, the poem emphasizes the importance of seeking guidance and direction from God, and trusting in His plan for our lives.

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In William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, Caliban's intention to rape Miranda is not born out of a desire to marry her or compete with Ferdinand, but rather out of his physical attraction to her. Caliban sees Miranda as a beautiful and desirable woman, and his desire for her leads him to consider rape as a means of satisfying his desire for her. However, it is important to note that this desire is not based on love or respect for Miranda as a person, but rather on his own selfish desires.

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Ariel is the leader of the spirits in William Shakespeare's play, The Tempest. He is a magical being who serves the powerful sorcerer Prospero, who has trapped him in servitude. Ariel helps Prospero control the other characters in the play, and uses his powers to create illusions and manipulate events. Ariel is an important character in the play, representing the magical and mystical forces that are at work in the world, and helping to bring about the play's resolution.

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Ernest Hemingway's novel "The Old Man and the Sea" demonstrates the struggle of man against defeat. The story follows an old fisherman named Santiago, who goes on a fishing trip in hopes of catching a big fish to end his long streak of bad luck. Despite his skill and determination, Santiago struggles against the overwhelming power of the sea and the fish he's caught. The novel shows how even in the face of defeat, Santiago refuses to give up and instead chooses to persevere, making it a powerful story about human resilience and determination. While the novel does touch on themes such as the desire to understand life and the influence of the sea on man, its primary focus is on the struggle of man against defeat.

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The attitude of the old man in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and The Sea" towards nature is warm and friendly. Throughout the story, the old man shows a deep respect and admiration for the natural world, including the sea and the creatures that inhabit it. He speaks to the fish he catches with reverence and sees them as worthy adversaries rather than mere objects to be caught. Additionally, he feels a deep connection to the sea and the creatures that live within it, recognizing that they are all part of a larger natural order that he must respect and appreciate. Overall, the old man's attitude towards nature is one of awe and admiration, rather than hostility or indifference.

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Erelu is the oldest wife of the Oba Akinjobi in the play "Women of Owu" by Femi Osofisan. She is a prominent figure in the play and is known for her wisdom, intelligence, and leadership skills. She is respected by the other women in Owu and plays a key role in resolving conflicts within the community.

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The speech made at the end of a dramatic performance is generally called an "epilogue". An epilogue is a speech, scene or piece of writing at the end of a play, movie or book that provides closure or ties up loose ends. It often reflects on the events that have just taken place and sets the stage for what's to come next. In a dramatic performance, the epilogue is usually spoken by a character or characters, and it serves to wrap up the story and bring the performance to a close.

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Before the shipwreck that occurred at the beginning of the play, Prospero and his daughter lived on the island for twelve years. In Shakespeare's play "The Tempest," Prospero, a former duke who was exiled to the island, has been living there with his daughter Miranda for twelve years. The play begins with a shipwreck that brings Prospero's enemies to the island, providing him with the opportunity to seek revenge and regain his position as Duke of Milan. Throughout the play, the characters reflect on their experiences and contemplate the passage of time, with Prospero himself acknowledging the twelve years that he has spent on the island. Therefore, the correct answer is "twelve years."

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A soliloquy is a device in drama where a character speaks alone, usually expressing their thoughts or feelings. It is a way for the audience to hear what the character is thinking or feeling, even if no one else on stage is aware of it. This can be a powerful tool for revealing a character's inner motivations, desires, or struggles. It is also a way for the playwright to add depth and nuance to the character. In a soliloquy, the character is essentially talking to themselves, even though the audience is meant to listen in.

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Cheney-Coker's Myopia is not a ballad, dirge, or sonnet. It is a lament. A lament is a type of poem that expresses sorrow, grief, and mourning. Myopia is a poem that expresses the speaker's sadness and frustration at the state of the world, particularly the poverty and inequality faced by many Africans. The poem is characterized by a sense of despair and a feeling of helplessness in the face of these problems. The speaker laments the fact that so many people are suffering and dying needlessly, and he calls on others to take action to make the world a better place.

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According to Asare Konadu's "A Woman in Her Prime," the worst calamity that can befall a woman is barrenness, which refers to the inability to conceive and bear children. This is because in many cultures, a woman's worth is often measured by her ability to have children, and the ability to have children is seen as a necessary fulfillment of a woman's purpose in life. In addition, not being able to have children can lead to social isolation, ostracism, and feelings of inadequacy or inferiority, which can have a profound impact on a woman's mental health and well-being.

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The lines you provided are an example of ridicule. Ridicule is a form of humor that makes fun of someone or something, often in an attempt to criticize or mock them. In this case, the language is being used to mock and make fun of something or someone. The comparison to a drum being beaten and ears being used for blowing fire are meant to be absurd and exaggerated, creating a sense of humor and ridicule.

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The stanza above is an example of a quatrain. A quatrain is a stanza of poetry that consists of four lines. The stanza above has four lines, and therefore it is a quatrain. A couplet is a two-line stanza, a sestet is a six-line stanza, and a sonnet is a poem consisting of fourteen lines.