JAMB UTME - Physical Education - 2024

Détails de la réponse

Improving balance in individuals with neurological disorders is crucial because such disorders can often affect coordination and stability. Among the exercise options provided, balance exercises on a stability ball are particularly beneficial for this purpose.

The reason is these exercises specifically target and improve the body's ability to maintain equilibrium. When individuals practice exercises on a stability ball, they engage the core muscles and the stabilizing muscles around joints. As the ball is inherently an unstable surface, it forces the body to make small, continuous adjustments to maintain balance. This process strengthens the sensory and muscular systems involved in balance.

Moreover, exercises on a stability ball can be performed at various intensities and adapted to the individual's current level of ability, making them accessible and safe. They help not only in improving balance but also in enhancing coordination, posture, and overall muscular control.

In contrast, other exercises like high-intensity interval training, long-distance running, and jumping jacks primarily focus on cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength rather than specifically improving balance. Therefore, for someone looking to enhance balance, especially when dealing with neurological challenges, exercises on a stability ball are the most appropriate option.

Détails de la réponse

The primary purpose of a warm-up is to prepare the body for physical activity. One common benefit of a proper warm-up is improved muscle flexibility. When you engage in a warm-up session, your body's temperature increases, which helps to make muscles more pliable and elastic. This enhanced flexibility reduces the risk of strains and allows for a greater range of motion, helping you move more efficiently and effectively during exercise or sports activities. In summary, a proper warm-up properly prepares your muscles and joints for the demands of physical activity by enhancing their flexibility.

Détails de la réponse

Physical Education (PE) extends beyond physical fitness by promoting social interaction and communication skills, along with physical development. It emphasizes holistic development rather than just focusing on physical strength or academic subjects.

Détails de la réponse

The healthy fat source in a balanced diet among the options is monounsaturated fats. Let me explain why:

• Monounsaturated Fats: These fats are considered heart-healthy fats. They are found in foods such as olive oil, avocados, and nuts. Consuming monounsaturated fats can help to decrease bad cholesterol levels and maintain good heart health. Including them in your diet can provide health benefits such as reducing the risk of heart disease.

• Trans Fats: These are unhealthy fats often found in processed foods, margarine, and fried foods. Trans fats increase bad cholesterol levels and may contribute to heart disease and other health problems.

• Refined Sugars: Although not a fat, refined sugars are considered unhealthy when consumed in excess. They offer little nutritional value and can lead to weight gain and increased risk of chronic diseases.

• Saturated Fats: These fats are found in animal products like meat and dairy as well as some plant oils. While they can be part of a diet in moderation, **high consumption** may lead to increased cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.

In summary, monounsaturated fats are a healthy choice and should be included as part of a balanced diet to promote good health and reduce the risk of heart-related conditions.

Détails de la réponse

Muscle weakness is often associated with a deficiency in magnesium. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including nerve transmission and muscle contraction. When there is not enough magnesium in the body, these processes can be disrupted, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness and cramps.

To correct muscle weakness related to magnesium deficiency, increasing the intake of magnesium-rich foods is recommended. Foods such as nuts, seeds, whole grains, leafy green vegetables, and magnesium-fortified cereals can help increase magnesium levels in the body. In some cases, magnesium supplements may also be recommended. It's important to address this deficiency, as magnesium is vital for overall health and wellbeing.

Détails de la réponse

When managing a severe bleeding wound, the **first step** is to **apply pressure to the wound**. This is because applying pressure **helps to stop or slow down the bleeding** by allowing the blood to clot. You can use a clean cloth or bandage to apply firm, direct pressure on the wound. If the cloth gets soaked with blood, place another cloth on top. This is crucial to prevent excessive blood loss, which can lead to shock or other serious complications. **Controlling bleeding is the priority**, and once this is managed, other steps like cleaning the wound or elevating the limb can be considered.

Détails de la réponse

The 3000 meters steeplechase is the event that includes water barriers. Athletes must jump over both regular hurdles and water jumps.

Détails de la réponse

To determine which of the options is NOT a cause of drug misuse, let's first understand what drug misuse means. **Drug misuse** involves using a medication in a manner other than as directed by a healthcare professional or intended by the manufacturer. This can involve incorrect dosages, misunderstanding usage instructions, or using drugs without a prescription.

**Lack of knowledge about proper dosage**: This is a cause of drug misuse because if an individual doesn't know the correct amount of a drug to take, they may take too much or too little, leading to misuse.

**Misunderstanding prescription instructions**: This is also a cause of drug misuse, as misinterpreting medical instructions can lead to incorrect use of medication.

**Trying to self-treat a medical condition**: This can lead to misuse because when individuals self-diagnose and medicate without proper guidance, they may use drugs ineffectively or harmfully.

**Intentional recreational use**: This is not considered drug misuse in the conventional sense but rather **drug abuse**. When someone deliberately uses drugs for non-medical reasons, particularly for recreational purposes, this constitutes abuse rather than misuse.

In summary, the correct answer to which option is NOT a cause of drug misuse is **intentional recreational use** as it falls under the category of drug abuse rather than misuse.

Détails de la réponse

The National Principals Cup aims to promote grassroots football development in Nigeria.

Détails de la réponse

The throwing events in athletics are specific events where the athlete's primary task is to throw an implement as far as possible. The correct events that make up the throwing events are:

• Shot Put: The athlete throws a heavy spherical object called the "shot" as far as possible.
• Discus: This involves throwing a heavy disc-shaped object, known as the discus, to achieve maximum distance.
• Javelin: Athletes throw a long spear-like implement called the javelin, aiming for distance.
• Hammer Throw: This event involves throwing a heavy ball attached to a wire and handle, known as the hammer.

These events are distinct from jumping events and involve different techniques and skill sets, focusing mainly on strength, technique, and precision. Each of these events requires the athlete to combine physical ability with technique to maximize the distance of the throw.

Détails de la réponse

In table tennis, the skill that involves hitting the ball back and forth with the opponent is known as rallies. A rally consists of a series of exchanges between two players after the serve, where each player returns the ball to the other side of the table without missing. The purpose is to keep the play going and challenge the opponent by placing the ball skillfully in different areas of the table. During a rally, players may use various strokes and strategies to outmaneuver each other.

Détails de la réponse

One of the key principles of first aid is acting calmly and confidently. When providing first aid, it is crucial to maintain a calm demeanor and exude confidence. This approach helps reassure the injured person and others around you, preventing panic and making it easier to administer aid effectively.

Being calm allows you to think clearly and assess the situation accurately, which can make a significant difference in delivering the correct treatment quickly. Confidence in your actions also builds trust with the patient, ensuring they feel more at ease during a potentially distressing situation.

In summary, maintaining a calm and confident approach is essential in first aid as it helps to create a more controlled and supportive environment for both the first aider and the injured person.

Détails de la réponse

NUGA stands for the National University Games Association.

Let's break this down for a clear understanding:

• National: This indicates that it is an organization that operates across the entire nation.
• University: This suggests that the focus of the organization is on institutions of higher learning, specifically universities.
• Games: This part of the acronym signifies that the organization is related to sports and recreational activities.
• Association: An association is a group of people or entities who have come together for a common purpose.

Therefore, the National University Games Association is an organization that is responsible for organizing games and sports competitions among universities within a country.

Détails de la réponse

The basketball skill that involves securing possession of missed shots, either from your team or your opponent's team, that come off the backboard or rim is called Rebounding.

Rebounding is crucial because it helps a team to gain extra opportunities to score by retrieving the ball after an unsuccessful shot attempt. This skill is not only important for maximizing your team's chances offensively but also for preventing the opposing team from getting second-chance points. There are two types of rebounding:

• Offensive Rebounding: When a player from the shooting team retrieves the ball after a missed shot.
• Defensive Rebounding: When a player from the defensive team secures the ball after an opponent's missed shot.

Having strong rebounding skills requires a good sense of timing, positioning, and physicality. Players need to anticipate where the ball will bounce, box out opponents, and have the determination to capture the ball. Successfully mastering Rebounding can significantly affect the outcome of a basketball game.

Détails de la réponse

The **Eyo Festival** is a significant cultural celebration in Lagos, Nigeria. A **common feature** of the traditional attire worn during this festival is the **traditional robes and headgear**. Participants, known as "Eyo," wear a unique costume called "Agbada," which consists of flowy, all-white robes. Along with this, they don a wide-brimmed hat made of straw, which is known as the "Ageru." This ensemble is completed with a face veil. The attire is paraded during the festival, making it visually striking and unique. The **traditional robes and headgear** symbolize purity and respect and are deeply rooted in the **Yoruba culture**, which forms the basis of the festival's traditions.

Détails de la réponse

The method of maintaining personal health that emphasizes consuming a balanced diet, including fruits, vegetables, proteins, and whole grains, is known as Nutrition.

Nutrition is the process by which our bodies obtain the vital nutrients they need to function correctly. A balanced diet is crucial because it provides the body with essential vitamins, minerals, and energy. Consuming a variety of food groups, such as fruits, vegetables, proteins, and whole grains, ensures that we receive a wide range of nutrients.

Here’s a brief explanation of each component:

• Fruits provide vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help the body maintain good health and protect against diseases.
• Vegetables are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and they support digestion and overall well-being.
• Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues in the body, and they play a role in immune function and hormone production.
• Whole grains are a source of complex carbohydrates that provide energy and are high in fiber, helping to support heart health and digestion.

By focusing on nutrition and maintaining a balanced diet, individuals can support their overall health and wellness, prevent chronic diseases, and maintain a healthy weight.

Détails de la réponse

Basketball courts, especially those used for indoor play, typically utilize hardwood flooring. Hardwood, usually made from maple wood, is preferred for several reasons:

• Durability: Hardwood is very durable and can withstand the constant stress of games and practices.
• Performance: It provides a consistent bounce for the basketball, allowing for optimal gameplay conditions.
• Safety: Hardwood floors offer a smooth surface that reduces friction and the chance of injury to players.
• Aesthetic Appeal: The polished and elegant look of hardwood floors gives a professional appearance to indoor courts.

Other options such as asphalt, grass, and carpet are not typically used for indoor basketball courts because they do not meet the performance, durability, and safety standards required for the sport at competitive levels.

Détails de la réponse

Engaging in leisure activities can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance overall mental well-being

Détails de la réponse

The 11th African Games (French: 11es Jeux africains), also known as Brazzaville 2015, took place from September 4-19, 2015 in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. This edition marked the 50th anniversary of the Games, as well as their retur to Brazzaville, which hosted the first edition in 1965.

Détails de la réponse

Diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy are classified as bacterial diseases. This classification is based on the fact that both diseases are caused by bacteria, which are single-celled microorganisms.

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium primarily affects the lungs but can also infect other parts of the body such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's Disease, is caused by a different bacterium named Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes, leading to severe disfigurement if untreated.

Both of these diseases are considered infectious, meaning they can be spread from person to person, although leprosy is much less contagious than tuberculosis. The emphasis on bacterial origin classifies these conditions under bacterial diseases, distinguishing them from parasitic, fungal, and viral diseases, which are caused by parasites, fungi, and viruses respectively.

Détails de la réponse

Carrying heavy bags with improper posture can lead to muscle imbalances, back pain, and postural deviations.

Détails de la réponse

Blood circulation is the bodily function that relies heavily on adequate water intake.

Explanation:

Blood circulation refers to the movement of blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels, such as veins and arteries. This process is crucial because it delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and organs, and it helps remove waste products from the body.

Water is a major component of blood, making up a significant portion of plasma, the liquid part of blood. When a person is well-hydrated, the blood flows more easily, assisting with efficient circulation.

On the other hand, when the body lacks adequate water, blood can become thicker or more concentrated, making circulation less efficient. This can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood, potentially leading to increased blood pressure and an overall strain on the cardiovascular system.

In summary, staying well-hydrated ensures that blood remains fluid and easy to circulate, which is vital for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system.

Détails de la réponse

The full meaning of NIPOGA is the Nigerian Inter-Polytechnic Games Association. This association is responsible for organizing games and sporting events among various polytechnics within Nigeria. It serves as a platform where students from different polytechnics come together to compete, showcase their talents, and promote sportsmanship and unity. The events typically include a variety of sports, encouraging participation and fostering a competitive spirit among the students while also providing an avenue for cultural exchange and social interaction.

Détails de la réponse

Health education primarily promotes lifelong learning about health.

Here's why:

1. Empowerment and Knowledge: Health education equips individuals with knowledge about their bodies, diseases, nutrition, exercise, and mental well-being. This empowers them to make informed decisions regarding their health.

2. Self-care and Prevention: By learning about health topics, people can adopt self-care practices and preventive measures. This decreases dependence on healthcare providers for minor issues and helps in early detection of potential health problems.

3. Active Participation: It encourages people to take an active role in managing their health, rather than being passive recipients of healthcare services. This proactive approach can lead to healthier lifestyles and better health outcomes.

4. Adapting to Changes: Lifelong learning in health enables individuals to adapt to new health information and technologies, as well as changing health guidelines. This is crucial in a world where health knowledge is continuously evolving.

5. Positive Attitudes: Health education promotes positive attitudes towards health and well-being, rather than relying on fear-based messaging, which can be counterproductive and lead to anxiety or misinformation.

In summary, lifelong learning about health equips individuals with the necessary tools and knowledge to take charge of their health throughout their lives, making it a cornerstone of effective health education.

Détails de la réponse

The component of physical fitness that relates to the ability to change body position quickly and accurately, while maintaining control and balance, is Agility.

Agility involves the body's capability to swiftly change direction and position effectively with precision. This incorporates not only speed and quickness but also the capacity to maintain balance and control during these movements. For example, a soccer player weaving between opponents or a basketball player dodging defenders exemplifies agility. This skill is crucial in various sports and physical activities where swift directional changes are necessary while under control.

On the other hand, Coordination refers to the ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently. Reaction time is the speed at which an individual responds to a stimulus. Power refers to the ability to exert maximum force quickly, which is essential for explosive movements. While these components are also important in physical fitness, it is Agility that specifically focuses on quick and precise changes in body position.

Détails de la réponse

In basketball, a **charging foul** occurs when an offensive player runs into a defensive player who has established a legal position. When this foul is called, it results in a **turnover to the defensive team**. This means the offensive team loses possession of the ball, and the defensive team gains the opportunity to have possession and potentially score. Understanding this rule helps maintain fair play and control over the game's flow, as it penalizes overly aggressive offensive moves.

Détails de la réponse

The Snellen chart is a tool used to measure visual acuity during eye screenings.

Détails de la réponse

The organ that is part of the lymphatic system and helps in the immune response is the Spleen.

The spleen plays a crucial role in the body's immune system in several ways:

• Filtered Blood: The spleen acts as a filter for blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells. This process helps maintain healthy blood cells circulating in your body.
• Immune Function: The spleen contains white blood cells, which are essential for immunity. These cells help identify and fight off invading pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
• Production of White Blood Cells: The spleen also produces lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that is key to the immune response. Lymphocytes produce antibodies and directly attack infected cells.
• Blood Reservoir: The spleen can act as a reservoir for blood, storing extra blood that can be released into the circulatory system during times of need, such as during blood loss or increased physical activity.

In summary, the spleen is an essential organ of the lymphatic system that supports the body's immune response by filtering blood and producing cells that defend against infections.

Détails de la réponse

The physical fitness component that is directly associated with body fat reduction is Cardiovascular Endurance.

Let me explain why this component is key:

• Cardiovascular endurance involves activities that increase the heart rate and breathing for an extended period. Examples include running, swimming, cycling, and aerobics.
• These activities help burn calories at a significant rate. When you burn more calories than you consume, your body starts to use stored fat for energy, which reduces body fat.
• This process involves the use of large muscle groups and helps improve the efficiency of your heart and lungs, contributing to better overall fitness and health.
• Consistent cardiovascular exercise increases your metabolic rate over time, meaning you continue to burn calories even when you're not exercising, aiding in body fat reduction.

Other components like balance, muscular endurance, and flexibility are important for overall fitness but do not have as direct an impact on burning body fat as cardiovascular endurance. Thus, focusing on cardiovascular activities is a primary strategy for reducing body fat.

Détails de la réponse

The primary difference between strength training and power training lies in their focus and objective. While they might seem similar because both involve working out muscles, they actually target different abilities of the body. Let me explain:

Strength Training is primarily focused on building the maximum amount of force that muscles can exert. It is aimed at increasing the overall ability of muscles to lift, resist, or push a heavy load. This typically involves lifting heavy weights with fewer repetitions. People do strength training to build muscle mass and increase their muscle size, which often results in enhanced muscle endurance. To give you an example, think of a weightlifter lifting heavy weights for several repetitions to build muscle.

Power Training, on the other hand, emphasizes developing the ability to exert force quickly. It is all about explosive strength – how fast you can move a weighted object. This usually means lifting lighter weights but doing so at a quick speed to improve power explosion. Athletes involved in sports that require sudden bursts of energy, like sprinters or basketball players, often do power training to improve their performance.

The option aligning with these explanations is: Strength training aims to increase muscle size, while power training focuses on explosive strength.

Détails de la réponse

First aid training is important because it prepares individuals to act in emergencies.

Here's why this is significant:

1. Immediate Response: In emergencies like accidents or sudden illness, having someone trained in first aid ensures that the injured or ill person receives immediate care, which can be crucial to their recovery or survival.

2. Saves Lives: First aid skills like CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) or the Heimlich maneuver can save lives by maintaining vital body functions until professional medical help arrives.

3. Reduces Complications: By providing the correct first aid treatment, the risk of complications from injuries or illnesses is reduced, which may lead to a faster recovery and less severe outcomes.

4. Provides Confidence: People with first aid training are more confident and effective in emergencies. This confidence can make a critical difference, allowing them to act quickly and calmly.

While first aid is crucial, it's important to understand it does not eliminate the need for professional medical care. Rather, it provides essential assistance before professionals take over. Additionally, while first aid can help reduce risks from certain injuries, it doesn't eliminate risks altogether, nor does it allow for the diagnosis of diseases, which requires medical expertise and equipment.

Détails de la réponse

The target heart rate zone for aerobic exercise is typically around 70-85% of your maximum heart rate. This range is optimal because it helps improve cardiovascular and respiratory function while being sustainable over longer time periods.

Let's break it down:

• Aerobic exercise is designed to improve oxygen consumption by the body. This type of exercise includes activities like jogging, swimming, and cycling, which are meant to be done for an extended duration at a steady pace.
• The maximum heart rate is the highest number of times your heart should beat per minute during maximum physical exertion. A general formula to estimate this number is 220 minus your age.

By working out at 70-85% of your maximum heart rate, you ensure that you are exercising at an intensity that maximizes calorie burning and cardiovascular benefits without overexertion or risking injury. It is an optimal range that improves endurance and strengthens the heart and lungs.

Détails de la réponse

Scoliosis is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often detected during growth spurts or adolescence.

Détails de la réponse

Individuals with an endomorph body type tend to have a round and softer physique. A common posture issue often associated with endomorphs is lordosis. Lordosis is characterized by an excessive inward curve of the lower back. Due to their larger abdominal region, endomorphs might have a tendency to develop an anterior pelvic tilt, which can lead to lordosis. This means that their pelvis tilts forward excessively, causing the spine in the lower back to curve more than usual.

This posture doesn't just affect the appearance but can also result in discomfort or back pain. Understanding and addressing this posture concern through appropriate exercises, stretching, and mindfulness of posture can help mitigate its effects. It's important for individuals to work on strengthening core muscles and improving posture to prevent any negative physical implications.

Détails de la réponse

NATCEGA is the acronym for the Nigeria advanced Teacher's Colleges and College of Education Games Association, which organizes sporting competitions among colleges of education in Nigeria.

Détails de la réponse

Dance has been shown to enhance cognitive development by improving memory retention and cognitive flexibility through the learning and execution of complex movements and routines

Détails de la réponse

Self-medication can lead to taking incorrect dosages, which is a form of drug misuse.

Détails de la réponse

The organelle responsible for protein synthesis is the ribosome. Ribosomes are small, spherical structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Their primary function is to translate the genetic code from messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions.

Here's how the process works:

• The genetic information for a specific protein is first "written" in the DNA within the cell's nucleus.
• This information is transcribed into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA), which travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located.
• The ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA and assembles amino acids in the correct order to form a protein, following the instructions provided by the mRNA.

In summary, ribosomes are fundamental to the process of building proteins, which are critical for maintaining cell structure and function.

Détails de la réponse

The dance step that involves **high leaps and kicks** and is associated with the Yoruba people is the **Bata dance**.

The **Bata dance** is a traditional dance of the Yoruba ethnic group found in Nigeria. This dance is usually performed to the rhythms of the **Bata drums**, which are double-headed drums held under the arms and played with the hands. The drumbeats dictate the energy, pace, and movements of the dancers.

The dance is characterized by energetic movements, including **high leaps and kicks**, intricate footwork, and body movements that reflect a deep connection to the rhythm of the drums. It is both a form of art and a means of preserving cultural heritage, often performed during cultural festivals, rituals, and social events.

The Bata dance not only highlights the agility and athleticism of the dancers but also tells stories and celebrates important events, making it a significant aspect of **Yoruba cultural expressions**.

Détails de la réponse

Using sunscreen daily is very important because it offers several benefits that protect and maintain healthy skin. Firstly, sunscreen prevents skin damage from UV rays. The sun emits ultraviolet (UV) rays, which can penetrate the skin and cause damage at a cellular level. This damage can lead to skin issues such as sunburn, and over time, may even result in skin cancer. Thus, applying sunscreen acts as a protective barrier against these harmful rays.

Furthermore, daily use of sunscreen helps in preventing premature aging of the skin. The UV rays from the sun can cause your skin to age faster by breaking down the collagen and elastin in your skin. This leads to the development of wrinkles and fine lines. Thus, by using sunscreen, you are protecting your skin and maintaining its youthful appearance.

Additionally, while some might think sunscreen is only necessary when going to the beach, it is beneficial to apply it every day. UV rays can still affect your skin even when you are not directly exposed to bright sunlight, such as on cloudy days or when you are indoors near windows. Therefore, using sunscreen daily ensures continuous protection.

It's important to note that sunscreen does not darken the skin; rather, it helps to maintain your natural skin tone by protecting it from sun damage, which can cause pigmentation changes. Overall, sunscreen plays a key role in maintaining skin health and preventing various skin problems associated with UV exposure.