JAMB UTME - Principles of Accounts - 2018

Why are adjustments in the profit and loss account necessary?

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The profit and loss account is a financial statement that shows a company's revenues, expenses, and profits over a particular period. The purpose of this statement is to give an overview of the company's financial performance during that period. However, it's not always straightforward to determine the exact amount of income and expenses for a particular period, which is why adjustments are necessary. Adjustments are necessary to ascertain the actual expenses incurred and income earned during the year. This involves adjusting the revenue and expenses figures to reflect the actual amounts earned or incurred during the year, including any amounts that have not been received or paid but are still owed or owing. For example, if a company has sold goods to a customer on credit, the revenue from that sale will not be reflected in the profit and loss account until the payment is received. Similarly, if the company has received goods or services from a supplier but has not yet paid for them, the expense will not be reflected in the profit and loss account until the payment is made. Adjustments are also necessary to show the provisions made during the year. Provisions are amounts set aside to cover potential future expenses or losses. For example, a company may set aside a provision for bad debts to cover potential losses from customers who are unlikely to pay. In conclusion, adjustments in the profit and loss account are necessary to provide an accurate representation of the company's financial performance during the period. These adjustments reflect the actual expenses incurred and income earned during the year, as well as any provisions made for potential future expenses or losses.

Bala ltd acquired the business of bello ltd and caused the separate existence of the latter company to terminate. 

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Based on the given information, the term that best describes the scenario is "merger". A merger is a business consolidation that involves the combination of two or more companies into a single new entity. In this case, Bala Ltd acquired the business of Bello Ltd, which means that Bello Ltd is no longer operating as a separate company. Instead, Bello Ltd's assets, liabilities, and operations have been merged with those of Bala Ltd to form a single new entity. It's important to note that a merger can take many forms, and the specific legal and financial details of the transaction can vary. However, the key idea is that two or more companies combine to form a new, larger entity.

Which of the following is a common cause of a discrepancy between head office and branch trial office________

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Stock and cash in transit is a common cause of a discrepancy between head office and branch trial office. This is because stock and cash in transit are two types of assets that are often not recorded accurately in the accounts. Stock can be difficult to value and count accurately, especially if it is in transit between the head office and the branch. Cash in transit refers to cash that is in the process of being transferred between the head office and the branch, and may not be recorded in either account until it has arrived at its destination. If the stock or cash in transit is not recorded accurately, it can result in a discrepancy between the head office and branch trial balance. For example, if the branch has recorded the stock as received, but the head office has not yet recorded it as sent, the branch will have a higher stock value than the head office. Similarly, if the branch has recorded cash in transit as received, but the head office has not yet recorded it as sent, the branch will have a higher cash balance than the head office. , which suggests stock and repayment, is incorrect because repayment is not directly related to a discrepancy between head office and branch trial balance. , which suggests creditors and cash in transit, is also incorrect because creditors are liabilities and not directly related to the assets that are in transit between head office and branch. , which suggests debtors and cash in transit, is also incorrect because debtors are not assets that are in transit between head office and branch, and therefore not a common cause of discrepancy between head office and branch trial balance.

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The earnings yield is a measure of the return on investment for a company's earnings. It is calculated by dividing the earnings per share by the market price per share, and expressing the result as a percentage. In this case, Tanko Ltd's earnings per share is 47k (0.47 Naira), and its market price per share is NM1.50 (1.50 Naira). So, the earnings yield can be calculated as follows: Earnings yield = (Earnings per share / Market price per share) x 100% = (0.47 / 1.50) x 100% = 31.33% Therefore, the earnings yield for Tanko Ltd is 31.33%, which means that for every Naira invested in the company's stock, investors can expect a return of 31.33 Naira in earnings.

Branch stock adjustment account is prepared at?

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A club received rent N10,000 and donation of N30,000. it paid N6,000 for entertainment and is still owing N16,000 . The balance of the receipts and payments account is?

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The price-earnings (P/E) ratio of the company can be calculated by dividing the market price per share by the earnings per share (EPS). The P/E ratio shows how much investors are willing to pay for each Naira of the company's earnings. In this case, to calculate the P/E ratio for Tanko Ltd: Market price per share / Earnings per share = P/E ratio N1.50 / N0.47 = N3.19 So, the P/E ratio for Tanko Ltd is N3.19. This means that investors are willing to pay N3.19 for every Naira of the company's earnings. In simple terms, the P/E ratio is a measure of how much investors are willing to pay for every Naira of the company's earnings and in this case, the P/E ratio for Tanko Ltd is N3.19.

Cost of rent as an expense can be apportioned to all department on the basis of:

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The cost of rent can be apportioned to all departments on the basis of the space occupied by each department. For example, if a company has three departments and Department A occupies 40% of the total office space, Department B occupies 30%, and Department C occupies 30%, then the cost of rent can be apportioned accordingly. If the total cost of rent is $10,000 per month, then Department A would be responsible for $4,000 (i.e., 40% of $10,000), Department B would be responsible for $3,000 (i.e., 30% of $10,000), and Department C would be responsible for $3,000 (i.e., 30% of $10,000). This method of apportionment is fair because each department is responsible for the amount of space it occupies and therefore the amount of rent it incurs. Using other criteria such as the number of employees, stock value or wages, may not accurately reflect the actual amount of space used by each department and could lead to unfair distribution of rent expenses.

In the absence of a partnership deed, the act stipulates that____________

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Departmentalization of accounts is useful because it shows the____________

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Departmentalization of accounts is useful because it shows the overall performance of a division. It allows a company to track the financial performance of individual departments or divisions within the company, providing insight into which areas of the business are performing well and which ones need improvement. By analyzing financial data for each department, managers can make informed decisions about allocating resources and making changes to improve overall company performance. This approach helps to ensure that each department is held accountable for its performance, and that managers have the information they need to make effective decisions about the allocation of resources. Ultimately, this can lead to improved financial performance for the entire company.

To account for expenses paid by head office on behalf of the branch, the branch should___________

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When goods are sent to branch at cost plus mark up, it means that the branch should sell at_____________

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A provision for bad debt account had N33,800 at the beginning of the year and N4,220 at the close of the year. If bad debts are calculated at the rate of 1/20% of annual credit sales, what was the credit sales for the period?

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The main difference between the ordinary and preference shareholders is that?

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In government accounting , the method used which records on the basis of financial entity with self balancing books instead of entity of propietorship is?

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The method used in government accounting which records on the basis of financial entity with self-balancing books instead of the entity of proprietorship is called fund accounting. Fund accounting is a method of accounting used by organizations, such as governments, non-profit organizations, and universities, that have multiple funds with separate accounting and reporting requirements. Each fund is treated as a separate accounting entity, and financial transactions are recorded in separate self-balancing books for each fund. The purpose of fund accounting is to provide accountability and transparency in the use of public funds. It allows the government to track and report on the use of funds for specific purposes, such as capital projects, debt service, or operating expenses. It also ensures that funds are used only for their intended purposes and that financial reports accurately reflect the financial position of each fund. In summary, fund accounting is a method of accounting used by government entities that records financial transactions on a fund-by-fund basis with self-balancing books. This provides accountability and transparency in the use of public funds and ensures that funds are used only for their intended purposes.

Use the information below to answer the question.

Adex Ltd. Issues stock to its retail branches at cost price.

Calculate the cost of goods credited to the head office trading account.

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The cost price method is applicable when_____

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A partnership deed is used to____________

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A partnership deed is used to promote mutual understanding. It is a legal document that outlines the rights, responsibilities, and obligations of each partner in a partnership business. By specifying the roles and expectations of each partner, a partnership deed helps to prevent misunderstandings and conflicts that could arise between partners. The partnership deed typically includes information such as the names of the partners, the nature of the business, the capital contributions of each partner, the profit and loss sharing ratio, the management structure of the partnership, the procedures for adding or removing partners, and the rules for dissolution of the partnership. By having a clear and well-defined partnership deed, all partners can have a shared understanding of how the business will operate and what is expected of each partner. This can help to establish trust and promote a healthy working relationship between partners, which is crucial for the success of any partnership business.

Using the following:

Balance as par overdraft of the cashbook is ₦4000, uncredited cheque is ₦2300, bank charges ₦300, unpresented cheque ₦5000.

What is the adjusted cashbook balance?

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Use the information contained in the table to answer the question below.

From the data above, compute the prime cost. 

Détails de la réponse

To compute the prime cost, we need to add the cost of direct materials, direct labour, and direct expenses. Adding the figures for direct materials, direct labour, and direct expenses gives us: 2,500 + 5,000 + 1,000 = 8,500. Therefore, the prime cost of the product is N8,500. The prime cost represents the total cost of direct materials, direct labour, and direct expenses that are directly attributable to the production of a product or service. This cost is essential to know for any manufacturing or production-oriented business, as it is the basis for determining the total cost of production.

A partnership’s internal regulation are set out by________---

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Kakaku limited with three departments has a total of N7,200,000 as net debtors for the year ended 31/12/2106. The company's policy, provides for 15%bad debt annually. Which of the following represents the total balance of debtors before adjustment?

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In departmental accounting, which is not a transfer pricing_________

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Peak pricing is not a transfer pricing method in departmental accounting. Transfer pricing is the process of determining the price at which goods or services are exchanged between different departments or divisions within a company. Cost based transfer price is a method where the transfer price is set based on the cost of producing the goods or services being transferred. Market based transfer pricing is a method where the transfer price is set based on the market price for the goods or services being transferred. Dual pricing system is a method where two different transfer prices are set for the same goods or services, depending on the context in which they are being transferred. Peak pricing is a pricing strategy where prices are increased during periods of high demand, such as holidays or special events. It is not a transfer pricing method.

Use the information below to answer the question:

Trading account for the year ended 31st December 2009

Calculate the cost of goods sold

Détails de la réponse

To calculate the cost of goods sold, we need to find the cost of goods available and then subtract the closing stock. The cost of goods available is found by adding the opening stock to the cost of purchases: 32,000 + 39,000 = 71,000 The cost of goods sold is found by subtracting the closing stock from the cost of goods available: 71,000 - 9,000 = 62,000 So, the cost of goods sold is ₦62,000.

Why should a new partner contribute towards goodwill on his admission?

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In dealing with incomplete record, fixed assets are posted to___________-

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In dealing with incomplete records, fixed assets are typically posted to the closing balance sheet as a brought forward figure. This means that the fixed asset is recorded as an asset at the beginning of the accounting period and is carried forward until the end of the period. The asset is then included in the closing balance sheet, which provides a snapshot of the company's financial position at the end of the period. Since incomplete records do not provide a complete picture of the company's financial transactions, it can be difficult to determine the exact value of fixed assets. Posting fixed assets to the closing balance sheet as a brought forward figure provides a way to include the assets in the company's financial statements without the need for extensive record-keeping or complicated calculations. By posting fixed assets to the closing balance sheet, it is easier to calculate the net worth of the company, which is an important indicator of financial health. This information can be used by investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions about the company.

In order to make the cash book balance equal to the bank statement, it is usually to add?

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In order to make the cash book balance equal to the bank statement, it is usually necessary to add the amount of "unpresented cheques". This is because unpresented cheques represent the cheques that have been issued by the organization, but have not yet been presented to the bank for payment. As a result, these cheques are not reflected in the bank statement, but are recorded in the organization's cash book as a deduction from its cash balance. To reconcile the cash book balance with the bank statement, the organization needs to identify the unpresented cheques and add them to the cash book balance. This adjustment will increase the cash book balance to reflect the total amount of funds the organization actually has, even if they haven't yet been withdrawn from the bank. The other answer options, such as uncredited cheques, direct payments by bank, and bank charges, would typically require adjustments to be made to the cash book balance, but these adjustments would not necessarily involve adding amounts to the balance. For example, uncredited cheques may need to be deducted from the cash book balance, while bank charges may need to be added as a deduction. Direct payments by bank may also require adjustments to both the cash book and bank statement balances.

The excess of sales over cost of goods sold is?

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The excess of sales over cost of goods sold is called "gross profit". Gross profit represents the amount of money that a company earns from selling its products or services, minus the direct costs associated with producing those products or services. For example, if a company sells a product for $100 and it costs $60 to produce that product, the company's gross profit would be $40. This means that for every product sold, the company earns $40 that can be used to cover other expenses like salaries, rent, and marketing. It's important to note that gross profit is different from net profit. Net profit is the total amount of money a company earns after all of its expenses, including indirect costs like overhead and taxes, have been subtracted from its revenue. Gross profit, on the other hand, only takes into account the direct costs associated with producing and selling products or services.

The major advantages of an imprest system is that it ?

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Tea and Cup are into a partnership business. Interests on drawings made by partners are at 10% per annum. Tea’s capital is ₦70000 and current balance is ₦50000. He withdrew the following amounts during the year : 3000 on 31st January , 2000 on 31st March, 4000 on 1st July, 1500 on the 30th September, 2500 on 1st November. Cup’s capital is ₦100000 and current balance is ₦40000. He made no drawings during the period. what is the closing balance in Tea’s current account

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If the purchase price exceeds the net assets of a company, the excess amount is debited to________________

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If the purchase price of a company exceeds the net assets, the excess amount is debited to the "goodwill account." Goodwill represents the value of a company's reputation, brand, customer relationships, and other intangible assets that are not included in the net assets of a company. When one company acquires another company for a price that exceeds the net assets of the acquired company, the difference between the purchase price and the net assets is attributed to the value of goodwill. Therefore, the excess amount is debited to the goodwill account to record the value of the intangible assets acquired in the transaction. This helps the acquiring company to reflect the true value of the acquired company's intangible assets on their balance sheet.

The amount paid by the new partner on admission as a compensation for the reputation built up by old partners is a

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The amount paid by the new partner on admission as compensation for the reputation built up by old partners is called "Goodwill". Goodwill is an intangible asset that represents the value of a business beyond its tangible assets such as property, equipment, and inventory. It takes into account things like the business's reputation, customer relationships, and brand recognition. When a new partner joins a business, they may pay for a share of the goodwill to compensate the existing partners for the value they've built up in the business. In simpler terms, goodwill is like the good reputation of a business and the new partner pays for a share of this reputation when they join the business.

The rent expense for Trendy store is ₦3500. Trendy store has three departments; jewelry, hair dressing, and clothing. The floor spaces occupied by the departments are 3:2:5 respectively. What is the rent allocated to clothing department?

Détails de la réponse

To allocate the rent expense to the clothing department, we need to use the ratio of the floor spaces occupied by each department. Let's first add up the ratio of the floor spaces: 3 + 2 + 5 = 10 This means that the clothing department occupies 5/10 (or 1/2) of the total floor space. To allocate the rent expense to the clothing department, we need to multiply the total rent expense by the proportion of the floor space that the clothing department occupies: ₦3500 x 1/2 = ₦1750 Therefore, the rent allocated to the clothing department is ₦1750. So, the correct answer is option (C) ₦1750.

What act generally includes completing unfinished partnership business, collecting and paying debts, collecting partnership assets to be turned into cash and taking inventory?

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A cash book had a opening balance of N15,200, closing balance of N18,400 and total cash received during the period of N36,000. What was the amount of cash paid out during the same period?

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Ade, Tony, Rose share profit and losses in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1 respectively. Ade retires and the remaining partners decide to take Ade’s share in the existing ratio. What is the new ratio?

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The office responsible for ascertaining whether all public expenditures and appropriations are in line with approved guidelines is the________

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The office responsible for ascertaining whether all public expenditures and appropriations are in line with approved guidelines is the Auditor General. The Auditor General is an independent body that audits and reports on the government's financial statements, ensuring that public expenditures are legal and authorized, and are within budgeted amounts. The Auditor General is responsible for reviewing and examining all financial records of the government, ensuring that financial transactions are recorded accurately, and that financial reporting is transparent and in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations. The Auditor General is usually appointed by the government, and the office is independent of any particular government department. This independence ensures that the Auditor General can operate impartially and without undue influence from any particular government agency. The Auditor General is a vital part of ensuring the accountability and transparency of government finances and plays a critical role in maintaining public trust in government institutions.

In reconciling the branch and head office accounts, remittance in transit in the branch books is treated as a_____________

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In reconciling the branch and head office accounts, remittance in transit in the branch books is treated as a debit entry. Remittance in transit refers to funds that have been sent from the branch to the head office, but have not yet been recorded in the head office's books. When reconciling the accounts, this amount is recorded as a debit in the branch's books because the branch has already sent the funds, but they have not yet been received and recorded by the head office. The debit entry in the branch's books serves to reduce the branch's cash balance, while the corresponding credit entry in the head office's books, when it is eventually recorded, will increase the head office's cash balance. This treatment of remittance in transit as a debit entry is a common practice in accounting and helps to ensure that the accounts are reconciled accurately and that the cash balances in both the branch and head office are correctly reflected.

The value of the current assets will be?

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