Study specimens L and M and answer questions (a) to (e).
(a) Classify each of specimens L and M into its:
(i) Phylum L: ________ M: _______
(ii) Class L:_______ M:_______
(b)
(i) State three observable features of members of the class of specimen L.
(ii) Name three other classes of the phylum to which specimen L belongs.
(c)
(i) State two ways each by which specimens L and M are of economic importance. L: _______ M: ________
(ii) State five ways by which specimen L can be controlled.
(d)(i) State five observable differences between specimens L and M.
(ii) State four observable similarities between specimens L and M.
(e) Name one habitat each of specimens L and M. L:_______ M:_______
(a) Classification
Specimen L (mosquito)
Specimen M (butterfly)
(i) Phylum
Arthropoda
Arthropoda
(ii) Class
Insecta
Insecta
(b)(i) Three observable features of the class Insecta: body divided into head, thorax and abdomen; three pairs of jointed walking legs; a pair of jointed antennae (also wings, compound eyes and a chitinous exoskeleton).
(b)(ii) Three other classes of Phylum Arthropoda: Crustacea, Arachnida and Chilopoda (or Diplopoda).
(c)(i) Two ways each is of economic importance
L (mosquito): it is a vector that transmits diseases such as malaria, and its bites cause discomfort and disturb rest.
M (butterfly): it pollinates flowers and has aesthetic (ornamental) value, though its larvae destroy crops such as citrus by feeding on them.
(c)(ii) Five ways specimen L (mosquito) can be controlled
Removing all stagnant water around the house to prevent breeding.
Pouring oil on stagnant water to suffocate the larvae and pupae.
Spraying insecticides in and around the rooms to kill adult mosquitoes.
Clearing bushes around the house to remove hiding and breeding places.
Sleeping under treated mosquito nets to prevent bites.
(d)(i) Five observable differences between specimens L and M
Specimen L (mosquito)
Specimen M (butterfly)
Small, slender body
Larger, broader body
One pair of narrow, transparent wings
Two pairs of broad wings covered with coloured scales
Dull greyish colour
Brightly coloured, patterned
Feathery (plumose) antennae
Clubbed antennae
Proboscis is slender and piercing
Proboscis is long and coiled for sucking nectar
(d)(ii) Four observable similarities between L and M: both have the body in three divisions (head, thorax and abdomen); both have three pairs of legs and one pair of antennae; both possess wings and a pair of compound eyes; both have a chitinous exoskeleton and a proboscis for feeding.
(e) One habitat each: L (mosquito): damp, dark places near stagnant water. M (butterfly): gardens and grassland among flowering plants.
(b)(i) Three observable features of the class Insecta: body divided into head, thorax and abdomen; three pairs of jointed walking legs; a pair of jointed antennae (also wings, compound eyes and a chitinous exoskeleton).
(b)(ii) Three other classes of Phylum Arthropoda: Crustacea, Arachnida and Chilopoda (or Diplopoda).
(c)(i) Two ways each is of economic importance
L (mosquito): it is a vector that transmits diseases such as malaria, and its bites cause discomfort and disturb rest.
M (butterfly): it pollinates flowers and has aesthetic (ornamental) value, though its larvae destroy crops such as citrus by feeding on them.
(c)(ii) Five ways specimen L (mosquito) can be controlled
Removing all stagnant water around the house to prevent breeding.
Pouring oil on stagnant water to suffocate the larvae and pupae.
Spraying insecticides in and around the rooms to kill adult mosquitoes.
Clearing bushes around the house to remove hiding and breeding places.
Sleeping under treated mosquito nets to prevent bites.
(d)(i) Five observable differences between specimens L and M
Specimen L (mosquito)
Specimen M (butterfly)
Small, slender body
Larger, broader body
One pair of narrow, transparent wings
Two pairs of broad wings covered with coloured scales
Dull greyish colour
Brightly coloured, patterned
Feathery (plumose) antennae
Clubbed antennae
Proboscis is slender and piercing
Proboscis is long and coiled for sucking nectar
(d)(ii) Four observable similarities between L and M: both have the body in three divisions (head, thorax and abdomen); both have three pairs of legs and one pair of antennae; both possess wings and a pair of compound eyes; both have a chitinous exoskeleton and a proboscis for feeding.
(e) One habitat each: L (mosquito): damp, dark places near stagnant water. M (butterfly): gardens and grassland among flowering plants.
Study specimen A (Neck region/neck), B (Chest region/thoracic region/thorax) and C(Upper abdominal region/upper abdomen) and answer questiions 1(a) to 1(c).
(a)(i) Name the part of the body where specimens A, B and C would be found in a mammal. A: _________ B: _________ C: __________
(ii) State one function each of specimens A, B and C. A: ________ B: _________ C: _________ (b)(i) Make a drawing , 6cm to 8cm long of the anterior view of specimen C and label fully. (ii) State one function each of four of the parts labelled in 1(b)(i). (c)(i) Mention the total number of each of specimens A, B and C in adult humans . A: _________ B: _________ C: _________ (ii) Name two other vertebrae in humans.
(a)(i) Part of the body where each specimen is found in a mammal
Specimen
Identity
Region of the body
A
Cervical vertebra
Neck region
B
Thoracic vertebra
Chest / thoracic region
C
Lumbar vertebra
Upper abdominal / lower back region
(a)(ii) One function of each specimen
A (cervical vertebra): supports the head and provides a passage that protects the spinal cord as it leaves the skull.
B (thoracic vertebra): articulates with the rib bones and provides a surface for the attachment of chest muscles while protecting the spinal cord.
C (lumbar vertebra): bears the weight of the body and permits bending and rotation of the trunk.
(b)(i) Drawing of the anterior view of specimen C (lumbar vertebra), fully labelled
Anterior view of specimen C (a human lumbar vertebra), fully labelled.
(b)(ii) One function of each of four labelled parts
Neural spine: gives attachment to the back and abdominal muscles.
Transverse process: gives a surface for the attachment of muscles.
Neural canal: encloses and houses the spinal cord.
Centrum (body): bears the weight of the body and provides mechanical support.
(c)(i) Total number of each specimen in adult humans
Specimen
Total number
A (cervical vertebrae)
7
B (thoracic vertebrae)
12
C (lumbar vertebrae)
5
(c)(ii) Two other vertebrae in humans: the sacral vertebrae (sacrum) and the coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx / caudal vertebrae).
Beakers D, E, F and G contain seeds that have been sown for seven days. Carefully remove one seed/seedling from each of the beakers labelled D, E, F and place each on the corresponding white tile labelled D, E, F and G. Study them and answer questions 2(a) to 2(c). (a) Observe the soils and seed/seedling then record the observation and result on the table below.
(b)(i) Name one condition for germination that was likely absent in the beakers labelled E, F and G E: _________ F: _________ G: _________ (ii) Give two reasons for the result in beaker D. (c) Make a drawing 8cm to 10cm long of one sees/seedling obtained from the beaker labelled D and label fully.
Beakers D, E, F and G form a germination experiment. Beaker D is the control in which a viable seed is supplied with all the requirements for germination (water, oxygen, suitable warmth). In each of E, F and G one requirement is withheld, so germination fails in those three and succeeds only in D.
(a) Observation and result
Beaker
Observation
Result
D
Soil moist; seed has swollen, and a radicle (young root) and plumule (young shoot) have emerged
Germination occurred
E
Soil moist and warm, but the seed remains unchanged and later decays
No germination
F
Seed fully submerged under water and cut off from air; seed remains unchanged
No germination
G
Soil dry; seed remains hard and shrivelled
No germination
(b)(i) Condition for germination likely absent
E: a viable seed (the seed was dead / non-viable). F: oxygen / air (the seed was drowned under water). G: moisture / water (the soil was dry).
(b)(ii) Two reasons for the result in beaker D
All the conditions necessary for germination - water, oxygen (air), suitable warmth and a viable seed - were present together.
It is the control experiment, in which nothing is withheld, so the embryo was able to grow normally into a seedling.
(c) Drawing of one seedling from beaker D
The seedling below is drawn large (about 9 cm long, within the 8-10 cm range required) and fully labelled.
A germinated bean seedling from beaker D, fully labelled: plumule, foliage leaf, cotyledon, testa (seed coat), hypocotyl, radicle and root hairs.
Title: A germinated bean seedling from beaker D (epigeal germination).
Beakers D, E, F and G form a germination experiment. Beaker D is the control in which a viable seed is supplied with all the requirements for germination (water, oxygen, suitable warmth). In each of E, F and G one requirement is withheld, so germination fails in those three and succeeds only in D.
(a) Observation and result
Beaker
Observation
Result
D
Soil moist; seed has swollen, and a radicle (young root) and plumule (young shoot) have emerged
Germination occurred
E
Soil moist and warm, but the seed remains unchanged and later decays
No germination
F
Seed fully submerged under water and cut off from air; seed remains unchanged
No germination
G
Soil dry; seed remains hard and shrivelled
No germination
(b)(i) Condition for germination likely absent
E: a viable seed (the seed was dead / non-viable). F: oxygen / air (the seed was drowned under water). G: moisture / water (the soil was dry).
(b)(ii) Two reasons for the result in beaker D
All the conditions necessary for germination - water, oxygen (air), suitable warmth and a viable seed - were present together.
It is the control experiment, in which nothing is withheld, so the embryo was able to grow normally into a seedling.
(c) Drawing of one seedling from beaker D
The seedling below is drawn large (about 9 cm long, within the 8-10 cm range required) and fully labelled.
A germinated bean seedling from beaker D, fully labelled: plumule, foliage leaf, cotyledon, testa (seed coat), hypocotyl, radicle and root hairs.
Title: A germinated bean seedling from beaker D (epigeal germination).
