WAEC SSCE - Civic Education - 2017 (Objective)

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Human rights can be best promoted if there is an existing constitution that recognizes and protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals. A constitution is a legal document that outlines the basic rights and freedoms of citizens, and it provides a framework for the protection of those rights. Furthermore, relevant knowledge and information about human rights should be acquired by individuals, communities, and government institutions. This knowledge can help to raise awareness about human rights abuses and promote a culture of respect for human rights. It is also important to discourage jungle justice, which refers to the act of taking the law into one's own hands by punishing alleged offenders without a fair trial. Jungle justice often leads to human rights abuses, and it undermines the rule of law and the protection of human rights. Lastly, political elites must exercise discretionary powers in a way that upholds human rights. Political leaders have the responsibility to create policies and implement laws that respect and promote human rights. They must ensure that the rights of all individuals are protected and that they are held accountable for any violations of human rights. In summary, the best way to promote human rights is by having an existing constitution that recognizes and protects human rights, acquiring relevant knowledge and information, discouraging jungle justice, and ensuring that political elites exercise their powers in a way that upholds human rights.

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The inalienable rights of citizens can be guaranteed through an independent judiciary. An independent judiciary is a system where the courts are free from interference or influence by the government or any other external forces. This system ensures that the rule of law is upheld and that citizens have access to a fair and impartial legal system. It also ensures that the inalienable rights of citizens, such as freedom of speech, religion, and due process, are protected. While an unwritten constitution, parliamentary system of government, and unitary system of government may also play a role in protecting citizens' rights, an independent judiciary is the most essential for safeguarding inalienable rights. Without an independent judiciary, citizens may not have a fair and impartial legal system to turn to if their rights are violated. In fact, an independent judiciary is often seen as a cornerstone of a democratic society, where the rights and freedoms of citizens are protected by the rule of law.

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The beauty of a democratic government is that political power resides in the people. This means that citizens have a say in how their country is run and have the ability to vote for their leaders and influence public policy. In a democratic system, the government is accountable to the people and must respect their rights and freedoms. The democratic process allows for a diversity of opinions and perspectives, promoting equality and freedom. This is one of the key principles of democracy and is what sets it apart from other forms of government where power is held by a small group of people or an individual.

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The society can be much more peaceful if individuals learn to respect and obey the law. Laws are put in place to protect individuals and ensure that everyone in society is treated fairly. When individuals respect and obey the law, they are contributing to a peaceful and stable society. This means following traffic laws, not littering, and avoiding actions that could harm others or their property. When people do not follow the law, it can lead to chaos, conflict, and violence. For example, if individuals do not respect traffic laws, it can lead to accidents and injuries. If people do not respect property rights, it can lead to theft and vandalism. Respecting and obeying the law also means seeking redress in the court of law instead of taking the law into one's own hands. This ensures that conflicts are resolved peacefully and within the framework of the law. In summary, respecting and obeying the law is essential for a peaceful and stable society, as it promotes order and ensures that everyone is treated fairly.

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Road signs are primarily precautionary devices used to guide road users. They are designed to provide important information to drivers and pedestrians, such as speed limits, traffic rules, directions, warnings, and hazards. The purpose of road signs is to help ensure the safety of all road users by providing them with the necessary information to navigate roads, intersections, and other traffic situations safely and efficiently. Road signs are an essential part of road safety and are meant to be understood by everyone regardless of their language or literacy level.

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One of the skills that can be used in resolving inter-communal conflicts is mediation. Mediation is a process of resolving disputes between two or more parties, where a neutral third party helps the parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. In the context of inter-communal conflicts, mediation can be used to bring together representatives from different communities to discuss their differences and work towards a peaceful resolution. The mediator helps to facilitate communication between the parties, identify common ground, and explore possible solutions. Mediation is often effective in resolving inter-communal conflicts because it allows the parties to express their concerns and needs in a controlled and respectful environment. It also helps to build trust and understanding between the parties, which can lead to a lasting peace. Coercion, suppression, and harassment, on the other hand, are not effective skills for resolving inter-communal conflicts. Coercion and suppression may lead to further resentment and violence, while harassment is a form of intimidation that can escalate tensions and further damage relationships between communities.

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If a person continues to use hard drugs, they may experience changes in their behavior and emotions. They may become more aggressive and exhibit hostile attitudes towards others. This could include being unfriendly towards foreigners or having an oppressive behavior. Additionally, drug use can lead to emotional illness and instability, which can further contribute to their aggressive behavior. It's important to note that not all individuals who use drugs will display these behaviors, but it is a potential risk associated with drug use.

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The most effective way for a government to ascertain public support and reaction is through elections. Elections are a process by which the people of a country are given the opportunity to vote for the candidate or party they believe is best suited to represent their interests. During an election, the government can gauge the level of support it has from the public by looking at the number of votes it receives. The government can also analyze the voting patterns and trends to better understand the concerns and priorities of different sections of society. In addition to elections, governments can also use other methods to gauge public opinion, such as opinion polls, surveys, and public consultations. However, these methods may not be as effective as elections, as they may not provide a comprehensive or accurate picture of public opinion. Overall, elections are considered the most effective way for a government to ascertain public support and reaction. By analyzing the results of an election, a government can understand the level of support it has from the public and make decisions accordingly.

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The best way to curtail the use of hard drugs is through "rehabilitation." Rehabilitation involves providing professional help, support, and treatment to individuals struggling with drug addiction. This can include detoxification, therapy, and education on drug abuse and its harmful effects. Rehabilitation can help drug addicts overcome their addiction, learn healthy coping mechanisms, and lead productive lives. It can also prevent relapses and reduce the demand for hard drugs, ultimately curbing their use. Compensation, enlightenment, and compromise are unlikely to be effective in curbing the use of hard drugs. Compensation refers to paying someone for refraining from drug use, which does not address the underlying addiction issue. Enlightenment involves providing education about the dangers of drug use, which can be helpful but may not be enough to change behavior. Compromise involves finding a middle ground between opposing sides, which may not be possible in the case of hard drugs where there is a significant risk of harm to the individual and society.

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Children suffer the most in human trafficking. Human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, and exploitation of individuals for the purposes of forced labor or sexual exploitation. Children are particularly vulnerable to trafficking due to their age and relative lack of power and resources. Traffickers often prey on vulnerable children, such as those living in poverty, without parental care, or those who have experienced abuse or neglect. Children can be forced to work in dangerous and degrading conditions or subjected to sexual exploitation, which can cause long-term physical and emotional harm. While girls are more commonly trafficked for sexual exploitation, boys are also at risk of being trafficked for labor or sexual purposes. However, overall, children are the most vulnerable and affected by human trafficking. Adults can also be trafficked, but they may have more resources to resist or escape trafficking, and they may not suffer the same level of long-term harm as children who are trafficked.

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The option "preservation of cultural heritage" is not responsible for cult activities in schools and colleges. Cults in educational institutions are typically formed around shared beliefs and practices that can lead to harmful behavior. While cultural heritage can be an important part of a person's identity and can contribute to a sense of belonging, it is not a direct cause of cult formation. Instead, other factors such as perceived injustice, the satisfaction of membership aspirations, and the desire for personal protection are more likely to be the driving forces behind the formation of cults in educational institutions.

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The category of public service that has the closest contact with the political class is the administrative class. The administrative class is responsible for implementing the policies and decisions of the political class, which includes elected officials and government leaders. They work in various government departments and agencies, such as the civil service, and are involved in the day-to-day operations of the government. The administrative class has the closest contact with the political class because they are the ones who carry out their directives and provide them with advice and support. They are responsible for translating the policies and decisions of the political class into actions and ensuring that they are carried out effectively and efficiently. The manipulative class, clerical class, and technical class may also be involved in public service, but they do not have the same level of contact with the political class as the administrative class. The manipulative class may refer to individuals or groups that seek to influence or control government decision-making, while the clerical class and technical class may refer to support roles in public service such as data entry, computer programming or technical support.

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The reason for self-reliance that is not correct is "quest for white collar jobs." Self-reliance is about being independent and not relying on others for support. It's about having the ability to provide for oneself and one's family through one's own efforts and resources. "Quest for white collar jobs" is more focused on finding a specific type of job, rather than being self-sufficient.

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The correct option is "ensure security of lives and properties." Constituted authority refers to the legitimate power that is recognized by a society and granted to individuals or organizations to exercise control over others. This authority is necessary in society because it helps to ensure the security of lives and properties. Without constituted authority, there would be chaos and anarchy, where individuals would take matters into their own hands and there would be no way to enforce laws or protect individuals from harm. Constituted authority provides a framework for maintaining law and order, and for protecting the rights of individuals and society as a whole. In addition to ensuring security, constituted authority also serves as agents of socialization, providing education and training for individuals to become productive members of society. It may also promote international relations and provide scholarships for higher education, but these are not the main reasons why constituted authority is necessary in society.

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Pedestrians are to walk on the left side of the road when obeying traffic rules so that they can see oncoming cars. Walking on the left side of the road allows pedestrians to face oncoming traffic, enabling them to react quickly if a vehicle is approaching too closely. This is particularly important when walking on roads without sidewalks or when walking at night when visibility is reduced. By walking on the left side of the road, pedestrians can avoid collisions with vehicles and reduce the risk of accidents. It also allows drivers to see pedestrians more clearly and gives them more time to react, preventing accidents. Walking on the left side of the road does not mean that pedestrians can cross at any time or walk across junctions. Pedestrians should still obey traffic signals and look both ways before crossing the road.

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In the constitution, the area where both federal and state government exercise joint authority is called the "concurrent list". This means that both the federal government and the state government have the power to make laws on these specific issues. Examples of issues on the concurrent list include education, marriage, and bankruptcy laws. This allows for a balance of power between the federal and state governments and ensures that important issues are dealt with at both levels of government.

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The government is responsible for ensuring the prevention of internal disturbance, protection of lives and properties, and promotion of individual development. However, the government is not responsible for providing all the needs of the citizens. While the government has the responsibility to provide basic amenities and services to the citizens, such as healthcare, education, and security, it is not responsible for meeting all the individual needs and wants of every citizen. Citizens are also responsible for their own personal development, and the government's role is to create an enabling environment for citizens to thrive and succeed. Therefore, while the government has many responsibilities, it cannot be expected to provide for every single need of its citizens.

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Out of the given options, the most effective way to curtail deviant behavior in society is by strengthening reformation institutions. Reformation institutions, such as rehabilitation centers or counseling programs, focus on addressing the root causes of deviant behavior and helping individuals make positive changes. They provide education, therapy, and other support services to help individuals overcome their challenges and re-enter society as productive members. Establishing more prisons may be a temporary solution, but it does not address the underlying issues that lead to deviant behavior. Ostracizing deviants can lead to further isolation and resentment, potentially exacerbating the problem. Indulging deviants with financial incentives may reinforce negative behaviors and does not address the root causes of deviant behavior. Therefore, strengthening reformation institutions is the best solution to curtail deviant behavior and promote positive change in society.

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In a democracy, the official opposition is allowed to make the government accountable. This means that the opposition is given the freedom to criticize the government's policies and actions, and hold the government accountable for any mistakes or wrongdoings. The opposition is also allowed to propose alternative policies and ideas, and present them to the public as an alternative to the government's policies. However, the opposition does not have the power to bring down the government, pave the way for military intervention, or encourage crises in the state. These actions would be undemocratic and go against the principles of democracy, which emphasize peaceful and constructive debate and the peaceful transfer of power through elections. Overall, the role of the official opposition in a democracy is to act as a check on the government's power and to ensure that the government is accountable to the people it serves. By doing so, the opposition helps to promote transparency, accountability, and good governance in a democratic society.

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The public service is important for ensuring continuity in governance, which means that there is a stable and consistent administration that can provide essential services and policies to the public regardless of changes in political leadership. Additionally, public service helps promote gender equality by ensuring that everyone has access to the same opportunities and resources, regardless of their gender. It also promotes professional equality by providing opportunities for people from all backgrounds and experiences to serve their community and country. Finally, public service is not about the superiority of any pressure group, but rather about serving the public good and upholding the principles of democracy and the rule of law.

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The active involvement of people in the decision-making process in a state indicates political participation. Political participation means that citizens have a say in how their government operates and makes decisions that affect their daily lives. This can include activities such as voting, attending public meetings, and expressing opinions to elected officials. Political participation is important for a healthy democracy because it allows citizens to hold their government accountable and ensures that policies are in line with the interests of the people. It is the opposite of apathy, which is a lack of interest or involvement in political affairs. Political struggle can also be a form of political participation, as citizens may organize and protest to demand changes in government policies. Indoctrination, on the other hand, refers to the process of teaching someone to accept a particular set of beliefs without questioning them, which is not related to political participation.

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The exhibition of queuing culture in a society is a good example of orderliness. Queuing culture refers to the practice of forming a line or queue to wait for service or access to something, rather than pushing or cutting in front of others. When people in a society exhibit queuing culture, it shows that they are willing to wait their turn and follow established rules and procedures. This leads to a more orderly and fair distribution of resources and services, as everyone has an equal chance to access them. Queuing culture also helps to prevent conflict and chaos that can arise from people cutting in line or trying to jump ahead of others. Therefore, the exhibition of queuing culture is a good example of orderliness in a society.

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The correct option is "the writ of habeas corpus." The rights of citizens can be guaranteed through various means, but one of the most important is the writ of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is a legal principle that requires anyone who has been arrested or detained to be brought before a court or judge, and to be provided with a valid reason for their detention. This principle is essential for protecting the rights of individuals and preventing arbitrary detention by the state. In addition to the writ of habeas corpus, other measures can also help to guarantee the rights of citizens. These may include constitutional protections, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, as well as legal frameworks for ensuring due process and fair trials. It may also involve the establishment of independent oversight bodies, such as human rights commissions or ombudsmen, to ensure that the government and other organizations are held accountable for their actions. Overall, the protection of citizens' rights is essential for creating a just and democratic society. The writ of habeas corpus is just one of the many tools that can be used to achieve this goal, but it is a particularly important one because it helps to prevent abuses of power by the state and ensures that individuals are treated fairly and justly under the law.

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Systematic growth of the body is not a symptom of HIV/AIDS. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune system, which weakens the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases. As the virus progresses, it can lead to the development of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The symptoms of HIV/AIDS can vary from person to person and can be similar to those of other illnesses. Some common symptoms of HIV/AIDS include loss of appetite and weight, unexplained feverish conditions, and infections that often resist treatment. However, systematic growth of the body is not a symptom of HIV/AIDS. In fact, HIV/AIDS can cause wasting syndrome, which is a condition where the body loses weight and muscle mass. It's important to note that some people may not experience any symptoms for many years after being infected with HIV. Therefore, it is important to get tested regularly if you think you may have been exposed to the virus. Early detection and treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the virus.

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The standards that are considered ethical by an individual or society are known as "values." Values are the beliefs, principles, and standards of behavior that are considered important and worthwhile. They shape our decisions, actions, and judgments about what is right and wrong. Examples of values include honesty, fairness, compassion, and responsibility. These values serve as a guide for ethical behavior and help individuals and society determine what is considered acceptable and morally right.

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The correct term for a non-governmental organization that allows independent initiative of citizens is "civil society". Civil society organizations are usually established by groups of people who are interested in promoting a particular cause or addressing a specific social issue. These organizations operate independently of the government and are usually funded by donations from individuals, foundations, or corporations. Civil society organizations can include charities, non-profits, advocacy groups, and social movements. They often work to promote human rights, social justice, and environmental protection, among other issues.

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From the passage, it could be said that in the society where Mr. Ojuri was arrested, there is an absence of the rule of law. The rule of law refers to the principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and bound by the law, and that everyone has the right to equal protection and equal treatment under the law. In this society, Mr. Ojuri was arrested without a trial or access to his relatives, which suggests that the police have acted outside of the legal framework and without regard for Mr. Ojuri's rights. The absence of the rule of law can lead to arbitrary detention, lack of accountability, and abuse of power by those in positions of authority. This can have serious consequences for individual rights and freedoms, as well as for the stability and functioning of the society as a whole.

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One significance of value in a society is that it brings about peaceful co-existence of people. Values are a set of beliefs or principles that guide the behavior and actions of individuals in a society. When people share common values, they are more likely to respect and understand one another, leading to peaceful co-existence. For example, if a society values honesty, people are more likely to be truthful in their dealings with one another, leading to trust and respect. This can prevent conflict and promote a harmonious living environment. Values also provide a sense of identity and belonging for individuals within a society, as they share common beliefs and traditions. Therefore, the significance of value in a society is that it promotes peaceful co-existence of people.

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Education cannot motivate human trafficking. Human trafficking is a crime that involves the exploitation of vulnerable individuals for various reasons, such as forced labor or sexual exploitation. Poverty, greed, and low self-esteem are all factors that can contribute to the motivation behind human trafficking, but education is not. In fact, education can be a preventative measure against human trafficking. When individuals are educated, they are more likely to recognize the warning signs of trafficking and take steps to protect themselves and others from exploitation. Additionally, education can lead to increased job opportunities and financial stability, which can help individuals avoid falling victim to traffickers who prey on their vulnerability.

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A major feature of representative democracy is free and fair elections. This means that people are allowed to vote for their preferred candidates without any form of coercion or manipulation. The outcome of the election is determined by the majority of the votes cast. Representatives are then chosen based on the election results to make decisions on behalf of the people they represent. Free and fair elections ensure that the government is accountable to the people, and that the people have a say in who represents them and how the government operates.

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One way of being infected with HIV/AIDS is through the use of unsterilized sharp objects. This is because HIV/AIDS is a blood-borne virus, and it can be transmitted through blood-to-blood contact. Unsterilized sharp objects such as needles, razor blades, or even piercing tools can carry infected blood from an HIV-positive person and transmit the virus to another person who uses the same object without proper sterilization. This can happen in medical settings, during drug use, or even through traditional cultural practices that involve scarification or piercing. Sitting close to HIV/AIDS patients, having handshakes with persons living with HIV/AIDS, or sharing clothes with HIV/AIDS infected persons are not ways of being infected with the virus. HIV/AIDS is not transmitted through casual contact such as hugging, handshaking, or sharing personal items. It is important to note that HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and from mother-to-child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

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The option that cannot be classified as a form of political apathy is "refusal to rig in an election." Political apathy refers to a lack of interest or concern about political activities, events, or issues. It is a feeling of disinterest, disengagement, or detachment from politics. "Refusal to rig in an election" implies that the individual is actually taking a stance against corrupt practices and illegal activities in politics, which is an active participation in the political process, rather than apathy. It shows that the individual cares about free and fair elections and is willing to take a moral stand against unethical behavior. In summary, refusing to rig in an election is not an example of political apathy, as it demonstrates an active engagement in the political process, rather than disinterest or detachment.

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The status of being a legal member of a country is referred to as citizenship. Citizenship is the status granted to an individual who is recognized as a legal member of a country. This status entitles the person to certain rights and privileges, such as the right to vote, work, and receive protection from the government. Citizenship is typically acquired through birth in a country, by descent from a citizen parent, or through a legal process known as naturalization. Alien refers to a foreign person who is not a citizen of the country they are in. Asylum refers to protection granted by a country to someone who is fleeing persecution in their home country. Migrant refers to a person who moves from one place to another, often for work or better living conditions, but does not necessarily imply legal status.

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Drug abuse can lead to various negative consequences, including psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Long-term drug abuse can also cause damage to organs such as the liver, kidneys, and heart, leading to serious health problems. Addiction is also a common result of drug abuse, which can be difficult to overcome and can affect every aspect of a person's life. Additionally, drug abuse can lead to impaired judgment and decision-making, which can increase the risk of accidents, injuries, and even death. Therefore, it is essential to seek help and treatment if you or someone you know is struggling with drug abuse.

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Political apathy can have a number of negative effects on society, but it does not promote free and fair elections. 1. Affects the quality of life: Political apathy can result in a lack of participation in the political process, which can lead to decisions being made by a small group of individuals rather than by the wider population. This can have negative consequences for the quality of life of the general population. 2. Leads to the enthronement of irresponsible leaders: When people are politically apathetic, they are less likely to vote, engage in political activism, or hold elected officials accountable. This can create a vacuum of leadership, which can be filled by irresponsible leaders who are not held accountable for their actions. 3. Ensures non-availability of dividends of democracy: Political apathy can lead to a lack of engagement in the political process, which can result in a failure to make use of the benefits and opportunities that a democratic system provides. In summary, political apathy can have negative effects on the quality of life, can lead to the enthronement of irresponsible leaders, and can result in the non-availability of the dividends of democracy, but it does not promote free and fair elections.

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From the dialogue, it is clear that cultism disrupts activities in the school. The school has been closed down due to a clash between rival cult groups, which has affected Danladi's studies and lengthened the time he has spent in school.

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The quotation shows that the speaker is nationalistic. This means that the speaker has a strong sense of love and loyalty for their country and culture, in this case, Banwuya motherland and Africa fatherland. The speaker is expressing a deep attachment to their homeland and is making a promise to always remain faithful to it. The use of the words "forsake" and "let my two hands forget" shows the speaker's strong commitment to their country and their willingness to defend it. Nationalism is a common sentiment among people who feel a strong connection to their cultural heritage and want to preserve and promote it.

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From the above dialogue, it is likely that if cultism is eradicated from the campus, the school programme will become uninterrupted. This means that the school will no longer be closed down due to clashes between rival cult groups and students like Danladi will be able to complete their programme without further interruptions. This will provide students with a stable and consistent educational experience, allowing them to focus on their studies and achieve their academic goals.

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The best way to prevent drug abuse in society is through drug enlightenment or drug education. This involves educating people about the dangers of drug abuse, the risks and consequences associated with it, and ways to resist peer pressure to use drugs. Arresting and prosecuting drug vendors and canvassing for capital punishment may deter some drug peddlers, but it may not necessarily prevent drug abuse. Prohibiting the sales of drugs at the motor park may also not be effective, as it only limits the place of purchase, not the demand for drugs. Drug education is crucial in preventing drug abuse because it helps individuals make informed decisions about drug use, equips them with strategies to avoid drug-related risks, and promotes healthy lifestyles. It is essential to educate both adults and children about the dangers of drug abuse and the need to live drug-free lives. By doing so, we can create a drug-free society where individuals can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.

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The best way for citizens to participate in the politics of a country is by standing for elective positions. When citizens run for office, they are able to represent the interests and concerns of their constituents at the national level. By participating in the electoral process, citizens have the opportunity to shape the policies and decisions that affect their lives and those of others. In addition, standing for elective positions provides citizens with a platform to advocate for change and make a positive impact in their communities. While acquiring a degree in political science, learning political sagacity, and undergoing mentorship under prominent political leaders can also be helpful in understanding the political landscape, running for office provides citizens with the most direct and effective means of participating in politics. Therefore, standing for elective positions is the best way for citizens to participate in the politics of their country.

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One of the preventive measures against the infection of HIV/AIDS is faithfulness to one's partner. This means having a sexually exclusive relationship with a single, uninfected partner. HIV is primarily spread through sexual contact, so limiting the number of sexual partners and using barrier methods such as condoms can reduce the risk of infection. It is important to remember that HIV can also be transmitted through sharing needles and other injection equipment, so practicing safe injection habits is also important. Faithfulness to a single partner is one of many ways to reduce the risk of HIV infection and maintain good sexual health.

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A responsible parent should not encourage their children to become religious fundamentalists. Religious fundamentalism is characterized by a strict adherence to the basic principles of a religious faith and an unwillingness to consider alternative views. Fundamentalists may reject scientific evidence, secular values, and the beliefs of others, leading to intolerance and even violence. Encouraging children to be open-minded and tolerant of other cultures and beliefs is an important part of responsible parenting. Parents should encourage their children to develop their own spiritual beliefs and moral values, but they should also teach them to respect the beliefs of others and to be accepting of diversity. While moral and spiritual development and respect for elders are important values to instill in children, religious fundamentalism can lead to harmful and divisive behavior. Therefore, responsible parents should avoid encouraging their children to become religious fundamentalists and instead promote open-mindedness and respect for diversity.

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One of the features that distinguishes the 1979 constitution from that of 1963 is the introduction of a presidential system of government. In the presidential system, the President is both the head of state and head of government, and is directly elected by the people. The President has significant powers and responsibilities, including the power to appoint ministers and other officials, and the responsibility for implementing policies and making decisions. In contrast, the 1963 constitution had a parliamentary system of government, which was based on the Westminister system. Under this system, the head of state was the Queen of England, represented by the Governor-General, and the head of government was the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister was responsible for implementing policies and making decisions, but had less power than the President in a presidential system. In summary, the introduction of the presidential system of government in the 1979 constitution was a significant departure from the parliamentary system based on the Westminister model in the 1963 constitution. It gave more power and responsibility to the President, who is directly elected by the people.

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The correct option is "bureaucracy." Bureaucracy is a term used to describe the organizational structure and procedures that are often associated with government agencies, particularly those involved in the administration of public services. It is characterized by a hierarchical structure, with clear lines of authority and rigid rules and procedures. One of the negative aspects of bureaucracy is the tendency towards red-tapism, which refers to excessive or unnecessary rules and procedures that can create delays and hinder effective decision-making. Red-tapism can make it difficult for individuals to navigate bureaucratic systems, and can result in inefficiency and frustration.